ANSWERS|LATEST !!!!2026|GRADED A+| (EXAM
Name the three damage processes of secondary cellular injury - ANSWER 1.
Ischemia
2. Hypoxia
3. Secondary Axotomy (severing of axons)
Secondary axotomy causes further injury to the Cell, explain what happens. -
ANSWER Secondary axotomy causes excitotoxcicity which is the release of high
concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitters "Glutamate & Aspartate" from the
degenerating or axotomized neurons.
Explain what happens when high concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitters
Glutamate and Aspartate are released. - ANSWER Release of high concentrations of
the excitatory neurotransmitters: Glutamate and Aspartate increase calcium ions which can
cause damage to proteins and cause cell death, it also increases sodium ions which causes
edema.
Three types of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)? - ANSWER Focal, Diffuse, Penetrating
Examples of Focal Brain Injuries - ANSWER Cerebral contusion, Lacerations, ICH
What is Cerebral contusion? - ANSWER Brain bruise, Damage that leaves arachnoids
intact
Causes of cerebral contusion - ANSWER Cerebral Edema, ICP, mass effect, herniation
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Name the three damage processes of secondary cellular injury - ANSWER 1.
Ischemia
2. Hypoxia
3. Secondary Axotomy (severing of axons)
Secondary axotomy causes further injury to the Cell, explain what happens. -
ANSWER Secondary axotomy causes excitotoxcicity which is the release of high
concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitters "Glutamate & Aspartate" from the
degenerating or axotomized neurons.
Explain what happens when high concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitters
Glutamate and Aspartate are released. - ANSWER Release of high concentrations of
the excitatory neurotransmitters: Glutamate and Aspartate increase calcium ions which can
cause damage to proteins and cause cell death, it also increases sodium ions which causes
edema.
Three types of Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)? - ANSWER Focal, Diffuse, Penetrating
Examples of Focal Brain Injuries - ANSWER Cerebral contusion, Lacerations, ICH
What is Cerebral contusion? - ANSWER Brain bruise, Damage that leaves arachnoids
intact
Causes of cerebral contusion - ANSWER Cerebral Edema, ICP, mass effect, herniation
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