PALS 2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
ConditionsA2thatA2[blank]A2airA2resistanceA2leadA2toA2increasedA2respiratoryA2[blank].A2-
A2Ans--Increased
Effort
WhatA2areA2theA2signsA2ofA2increasedA2respiratoryA2effortA2thatA2canA2leadA2toA2fatigueA2&
A2respiratoryA2failure?A2-A2Ans--NasalA2flaring
Retractions
HeadA2bobbing
SeesawA2respirations
DetermineA2theA2respiratoryA2rateA2byA2countingA2theA2numberA2ofA2timesA2theA2chestA2ris
esA2inA2[blank]A2secondsA2&A2multiplyingA2byA2[blank].A2-A2Ans--30
2
TachypneaA2isA2oftenA2theA2firstA2signA2ofA2respiratoryA2[blank]A2inA2infants.A2-A2Ans--
Distress
WhatA2doA2centralA2chemoreceptorsA2respondA2to?A2-A2Ans--
HydrogenA2ionsA2inA2theA2cerebrospinalA2fluid
WhyA2mayA2excessiveA2ventilationA2duringA2CPRA2beA2harmful?A2-A2Ans--
ItA2impedesA2venousA2return
ItA2increasesA2intrathoracicA2pressure
WhatA2shouldA2youA2doA2ifA2youA2cannotA2achieveA2effectiveA2ventilationA2withA2aA2bag-
maskA2device?A2-A2Ans--RepositionA2theA2airway
VerifyA2theA2maskA2size
HowA2areA2effectiveA2oxygenationA2&A2ventilationA2assessed?A2-A2Ans--
OxygenA2saturation
ExhaledA2carbonA2dioxide
VisibleA2chestA2riseA2w/A2eachA2breath
HowA2canA2gastricA2inflationA2impairA2bag-maskA2ventilation?A2-A2Ans--
ItA2decreasesA2lungA2compliance
WhatA2isA2theA2mostA2appropriateA2precautionaryA2actionA2toA2minimizeA2gastricA2inflation
A2duringA2aA2bag-maskA2ventilation?A2-A2Ans--
DeliverA2eachA2breathA2overA2aboutA21A2second
,WhichA2isA2trueA2aboutA2theA2differenceA2betweenA2hypoxemiaA2&A2tissueA2hypoxia?A2-
A2Ans--TissueA2hypoxiaA2canA2occurA2withA2normalA2arterialA2oxygenA2saturation
WhatA2doesA2hyperventilation,A2whichA2refersA2toA2increasedA2alveolarA2ventilation,A2resul
tA2in?A2-A2Ans--PaCO2A2lessA2thanA235A2mmA2Hg
WhatA2happensA2toA2theA2arterialA2oxygenA2levelA2inA2aA2childA2w/A2severeA2anemia?A2-
A2Ans--MayA2increaseA2whenA2dissolvedA2oxygenA2isA2increased
WhichA2isA2trueA2ofA2increasedA2carbonA2dioxideA2tensionA2inA2arterialA2blood?A2-A2Ans--
MayA2beA2causedA2byA2disorderedA2controlA2ofA2breathing
WhatA2happensA2whenA2ventilationA2isA2inadequate?A2-A2Ans--PaCO2A2increases
WhatA2isA2aA2criticalA2symptomA2ofA2hypercarbia?A2-A2Ans--
DecreasedA2levelA2ofA2consciousness
WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2indicatesA2mildA2respiratoryA2distress?A2-A2Ans--
MildA2increaseA2inA2respiratoryA2effort
WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2indicatesA2severeA2respiratoryA2distress?A2-A2Ans--
MarkedA2tachypneaA2&/orA2apnea
WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2statementsA2aboutA2respiratoryA2failureA2isA2true?A2-A2Ans--
MayA2occurA2w/oA2signsA2ofA2respiratoryA2distress
WhichA2isA2mostA2likelyA2toA2beA2presentA2inA2aA2childA2whoA2hasA2respiratoryA2distressA2[n
otA2respiratoryA2failure]?A2-A2Ans--AbilityA2toA2maintainA2aA2patentA2airway
WhatA2stepsA2shouldA2beA2takenA2asA2partA2ofA2initialA2managementA2ofA2aA2childA2inA2res
piratoryA2distress?A2-A2Ans--SupportA2anA2openA2airway
MonitorA2O2A2saturationA2byA2pulseA2oximetryA2
MonitorA2heartA2rate,A2rhythm,A2&A2bp
WhichA2areA2idealA2characteristicsA2ofA2faceA2masksA2forA2ventilation?A2-A2Ans--
CoversA2mouthA2&A2nose
HasA2aA2softA2rim
Transparent
WhatA2isA2theA2rationaleA2forA2usingA2aA2transparentA2mask?A2-A2Ans--
AllowsA2youA2toA2seeA2theA2colorA2ofA2theA2child'sA2lips
WhatA2isA2theA2functionA2ofA2theA2nonrebreathingA2outletA2valveA2ofA2aA2self-
inflatingA2bag?A2-A2Ans--PreventsA2rebreathingA2ofA2carbonA2dioxide
, WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2isA2requiredA2toA2appropriatelyA2ventilateA2aA2childA2withA2aA2flo
w-inflatingA2bag?A2-A2Ans--
TidalA2volumeA2needsA2toA2beA2deliveredA2atA2theA2correctA2rate
WhatA2shouldA2beA2checkedA2toA2ensureA2properA2functionA2ofA2aA2bag-maskA2system?A2-
A2Ans--TheA2pop-offA2valveA2canA2beA2closed
OxygenA2tubingA2isA2connectedA2toA2theA2deviceA2&A2theA2oxygenA2source
HowA2isA2sniffingA2positionA2achievedA2inA2anA2infantA2orA2aA2child?A2-A2Ans--
EnsureA2thatA2theA2externalA2earA2canalA2isA2anteriorA2toA2theA2shoulder
WhereA2mayA2paddingA2beA2requiredA2underA2whenA2properlyA2positioningA2aA2childA2olde
rA2thanA22A2yearsA2ofA2ageA2toA2maintainA2aA2patentA2airway?A2-A2Ans--TheA2occiput
WhatA2actionsA2areA2appropriateA2whenA2providingA21-personA2bag-maskA2ventilation?A2-
A2Ans--
PerformA2aA2headA2tilt,A2insertA2anA2oralA2airway,A2&A2squeezeA2theA2bagA2untilA2chestA2ris
e
WhatA2doesA2theA2E-CA2clampA2techniqueA2include?A2-A2Ans--
UsingA2theA2third,A2fourth,A2&A2fifthA2fingersA2ofA2oneA2handA2alongA2theA2jawA2toA2liftA2itA2fo
rwardA2
UsingA2theA2thumbA2&A2indexA2fingerA2ofA2theA2sameA2handA2toA2holdA2theA2faceA2mask
WhenA2mayA2aA22-personA2bag-maskA2techniqueA2beA2preferable?A2-A2Ans--
WhenA2makingA2aA2sealA2isA2difficultA2
WhenA2thereA2isA2significantA2airwayA2resistance
WhenA2suctioningA2aA2patient,A2whichA2ofA2theA2followingA2shouldA2beA2monitored?A2-
A2Ans--ClinicalA2appearanceA2
OxygenA2saturation
HeartA2rate
WhatA2shouldA2youA2doA2toA2helpA2reduceA2theA2riskA2ofA2hypoxemiaA2duringA2suctioning?
A2-A2Ans--LimitA2suctionA2attemptsA2toA210A2secondsA2orA2less
UnderA2whatA2circumstanceA2shouldA2youA2useA2anA2oropharyngealA2airway?A2-A2Ans--
TheA2childA2mustA2beA2unconscious
WhatA2canA2happenA2ifA2theA2oropharyngealA2airwayA2isA2tooA2large?A2-A2Ans--
ItA2canA2blockA2theA2airway
WhenA2measuringA2forA2anA2oropharyngealA2airway,A2itA2shouldA2extendA2fromA2theA2corn
erA2ofA2theA2mouthA2toA2theA2angleA2ofA2theA2[blank].A2-A2Ans--Jaw
ANSWERS
ConditionsA2thatA2[blank]A2airA2resistanceA2leadA2toA2increasedA2respiratoryA2[blank].A2-
A2Ans--Increased
Effort
WhatA2areA2theA2signsA2ofA2increasedA2respiratoryA2effortA2thatA2canA2leadA2toA2fatigueA2&
A2respiratoryA2failure?A2-A2Ans--NasalA2flaring
Retractions
HeadA2bobbing
SeesawA2respirations
DetermineA2theA2respiratoryA2rateA2byA2countingA2theA2numberA2ofA2timesA2theA2chestA2ris
esA2inA2[blank]A2secondsA2&A2multiplyingA2byA2[blank].A2-A2Ans--30
2
TachypneaA2isA2oftenA2theA2firstA2signA2ofA2respiratoryA2[blank]A2inA2infants.A2-A2Ans--
Distress
WhatA2doA2centralA2chemoreceptorsA2respondA2to?A2-A2Ans--
HydrogenA2ionsA2inA2theA2cerebrospinalA2fluid
WhyA2mayA2excessiveA2ventilationA2duringA2CPRA2beA2harmful?A2-A2Ans--
ItA2impedesA2venousA2return
ItA2increasesA2intrathoracicA2pressure
WhatA2shouldA2youA2doA2ifA2youA2cannotA2achieveA2effectiveA2ventilationA2withA2aA2bag-
maskA2device?A2-A2Ans--RepositionA2theA2airway
VerifyA2theA2maskA2size
HowA2areA2effectiveA2oxygenationA2&A2ventilationA2assessed?A2-A2Ans--
OxygenA2saturation
ExhaledA2carbonA2dioxide
VisibleA2chestA2riseA2w/A2eachA2breath
HowA2canA2gastricA2inflationA2impairA2bag-maskA2ventilation?A2-A2Ans--
ItA2decreasesA2lungA2compliance
WhatA2isA2theA2mostA2appropriateA2precautionaryA2actionA2toA2minimizeA2gastricA2inflation
A2duringA2aA2bag-maskA2ventilation?A2-A2Ans--
DeliverA2eachA2breathA2overA2aboutA21A2second
,WhichA2isA2trueA2aboutA2theA2differenceA2betweenA2hypoxemiaA2&A2tissueA2hypoxia?A2-
A2Ans--TissueA2hypoxiaA2canA2occurA2withA2normalA2arterialA2oxygenA2saturation
WhatA2doesA2hyperventilation,A2whichA2refersA2toA2increasedA2alveolarA2ventilation,A2resul
tA2in?A2-A2Ans--PaCO2A2lessA2thanA235A2mmA2Hg
WhatA2happensA2toA2theA2arterialA2oxygenA2levelA2inA2aA2childA2w/A2severeA2anemia?A2-
A2Ans--MayA2increaseA2whenA2dissolvedA2oxygenA2isA2increased
WhichA2isA2trueA2ofA2increasedA2carbonA2dioxideA2tensionA2inA2arterialA2blood?A2-A2Ans--
MayA2beA2causedA2byA2disorderedA2controlA2ofA2breathing
WhatA2happensA2whenA2ventilationA2isA2inadequate?A2-A2Ans--PaCO2A2increases
WhatA2isA2aA2criticalA2symptomA2ofA2hypercarbia?A2-A2Ans--
DecreasedA2levelA2ofA2consciousness
WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2indicatesA2mildA2respiratoryA2distress?A2-A2Ans--
MildA2increaseA2inA2respiratoryA2effort
WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2indicatesA2severeA2respiratoryA2distress?A2-A2Ans--
MarkedA2tachypneaA2&/orA2apnea
WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2statementsA2aboutA2respiratoryA2failureA2isA2true?A2-A2Ans--
MayA2occurA2w/oA2signsA2ofA2respiratoryA2distress
WhichA2isA2mostA2likelyA2toA2beA2presentA2inA2aA2childA2whoA2hasA2respiratoryA2distressA2[n
otA2respiratoryA2failure]?A2-A2Ans--AbilityA2toA2maintainA2aA2patentA2airway
WhatA2stepsA2shouldA2beA2takenA2asA2partA2ofA2initialA2managementA2ofA2aA2childA2inA2res
piratoryA2distress?A2-A2Ans--SupportA2anA2openA2airway
MonitorA2O2A2saturationA2byA2pulseA2oximetryA2
MonitorA2heartA2rate,A2rhythm,A2&A2bp
WhichA2areA2idealA2characteristicsA2ofA2faceA2masksA2forA2ventilation?A2-A2Ans--
CoversA2mouthA2&A2nose
HasA2aA2softA2rim
Transparent
WhatA2isA2theA2rationaleA2forA2usingA2aA2transparentA2mask?A2-A2Ans--
AllowsA2youA2toA2seeA2theA2colorA2ofA2theA2child'sA2lips
WhatA2isA2theA2functionA2ofA2theA2nonrebreathingA2outletA2valveA2ofA2aA2self-
inflatingA2bag?A2-A2Ans--PreventsA2rebreathingA2ofA2carbonA2dioxide
, WhichA2ofA2theA2followingA2isA2requiredA2toA2appropriatelyA2ventilateA2aA2childA2withA2aA2flo
w-inflatingA2bag?A2-A2Ans--
TidalA2volumeA2needsA2toA2beA2deliveredA2atA2theA2correctA2rate
WhatA2shouldA2beA2checkedA2toA2ensureA2properA2functionA2ofA2aA2bag-maskA2system?A2-
A2Ans--TheA2pop-offA2valveA2canA2beA2closed
OxygenA2tubingA2isA2connectedA2toA2theA2deviceA2&A2theA2oxygenA2source
HowA2isA2sniffingA2positionA2achievedA2inA2anA2infantA2orA2aA2child?A2-A2Ans--
EnsureA2thatA2theA2externalA2earA2canalA2isA2anteriorA2toA2theA2shoulder
WhereA2mayA2paddingA2beA2requiredA2underA2whenA2properlyA2positioningA2aA2childA2olde
rA2thanA22A2yearsA2ofA2ageA2toA2maintainA2aA2patentA2airway?A2-A2Ans--TheA2occiput
WhatA2actionsA2areA2appropriateA2whenA2providingA21-personA2bag-maskA2ventilation?A2-
A2Ans--
PerformA2aA2headA2tilt,A2insertA2anA2oralA2airway,A2&A2squeezeA2theA2bagA2untilA2chestA2ris
e
WhatA2doesA2theA2E-CA2clampA2techniqueA2include?A2-A2Ans--
UsingA2theA2third,A2fourth,A2&A2fifthA2fingersA2ofA2oneA2handA2alongA2theA2jawA2toA2liftA2itA2fo
rwardA2
UsingA2theA2thumbA2&A2indexA2fingerA2ofA2theA2sameA2handA2toA2holdA2theA2faceA2mask
WhenA2mayA2aA22-personA2bag-maskA2techniqueA2beA2preferable?A2-A2Ans--
WhenA2makingA2aA2sealA2isA2difficultA2
WhenA2thereA2isA2significantA2airwayA2resistance
WhenA2suctioningA2aA2patient,A2whichA2ofA2theA2followingA2shouldA2beA2monitored?A2-
A2Ans--ClinicalA2appearanceA2
OxygenA2saturation
HeartA2rate
WhatA2shouldA2youA2doA2toA2helpA2reduceA2theA2riskA2ofA2hypoxemiaA2duringA2suctioning?
A2-A2Ans--LimitA2suctionA2attemptsA2toA210A2secondsA2orA2less
UnderA2whatA2circumstanceA2shouldA2youA2useA2anA2oropharyngealA2airway?A2-A2Ans--
TheA2childA2mustA2beA2unconscious
WhatA2canA2happenA2ifA2theA2oropharyngealA2airwayA2isA2tooA2large?A2-A2Ans--
ItA2canA2blockA2theA2airway
WhenA2measuringA2forA2anA2oropharyngealA2airway,A2itA2shouldA2extendA2fromA2theA2corn
erA2ofA2theA2mouthA2toA2theA2angleA2ofA2theA2[blank].A2-A2Ans--Jaw