Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | Review Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | Review
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What are treatment implications?
Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best
treatment of condition per individual.
What is Pathophysiology
is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing
disorder and disease process of the human body.
What are signs?
Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include?
Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What are symptoms?
Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is etiology
study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown
origin or cause.
What is objective data
What you observe and can measure.
What is pathogenesis?
development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as
What are examples of objective data?
time occurs.
rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
What are clinical manifestations?
What is subjective data?
Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What the patient may report to you
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"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before
it spreads
What are examples of subjective data?
pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
Examples of Secondary Prevention
PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram
What is epidemiology?
study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of
diseases in people.
Explain Tertiary Prevention
"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has
the condition
What are the levels of disease prevention?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Examples of Tertiary Prevention
Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent
Explain Primary Prevention
pressure ulcers.
"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people.
What is homeostasis?
Examples of Primary Prevention
a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal
Vaccinations and Handwashing in functioning. Stable.
Explain Secondary Prevention What is allostasis?
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ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia,
homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp. infection, and heart disease.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
alarm, resistance, exhaustion Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage
Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are
activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome
helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight
the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body or flight.
to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome
Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to
Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more
to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and glucose to be released.
damaged that can lead to disease or death.
Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome?