Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 / Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | 2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen 100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea,
and diarrhea
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign - Objective (Erythema, Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Mg - Magnesium
.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as
hypocalcemia
Na - Sodium
136-144 mEq
Ca - Calcium
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood 4 - 5 mEq |
pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi,
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
K - Potassium
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
o 3.7-5.2 mEq | cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds,
P - Phosphorus
abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
.5 - 4.5 mg |
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 / Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | 2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen 100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
· How does a vaccine provide immunity?
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs Active immunity - antigen exposure
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
· Active immunity
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through exposure
Function of ribosomes
· Passive immunity
Synthesizes proteins
Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· Hypervolemia
· identify examples of malignant cells
Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
· Hypovolemia
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation
Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
· Homeostasis
o Type I: IgE mediated
State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self regulated
Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 / Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | 2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen 100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Lung allergens
o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction Bronchospasm, edema, thick secretions
Blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis
· Manifestations of fight/flight response
o Type III: immune complex-mediated Increase HR, increased respirations, diaphoresis, pupil dilation, increased blood flow to muscles,
strength, alertness, decreased inflammation
Autoimmune conditions - Lupus
o Complication of compartment syndrome
o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction
results from increased pressure in a compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of
Tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
fractures
· What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction?
o What is contact dermatitis?
Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
Acute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing
substance
Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity
GI allergy o Clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Fatigue, anorexia, fever, malaise, muscle spasms, morning stiffness, warmth and tenderness in
joints, anemia, depression, unsteady gait
Skin manifestations
Urticaria (hives)
Mucosa allergens
o What is Muscular Dystrophy?
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | 2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen 100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperkalemia - paresthesia, muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis, bradycardia, dysrhythmias,
electrocardiogram changes, cardiac arrest, respiratory depression, abdominal cramping, nausea,
and diarrhea
What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?
Sign - Objective (Erythema, Edema, lesion)
Symptom - Subjective (Headache, sore, tired)
Mg - Magnesium
.8-2.5 mEq | Hypermagnesemia - Same as hypercalcemia | Hypomagnesemia - same as
hypocalcemia
Na - Sodium
136-144 mEq
Ca - Calcium
Hyponatremia - anorexia, gastrointestinal upset, poor skin turgor, dry mucous membranes, blood 4 - 5 mEq |
pressure changes, pulse changes, edema, headache, lethargy, confusion, diminished deep tendon
reflexes, muscle weakness, seizures, and coma |
Hypercalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
Hypernatremia - increased temperature, warm and flushed skin, dry and sticky mucous reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, constipation, abdominal pain, pancreatitis, renal calculi,
membranes, dysphagia, increased thirst, irritability, agitation, weakness, headache, seizures polyuria, and dehydration |
Hypocalcemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
K - Potassium
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
o 3.7-5.2 mEq | cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs
Hypokalemia - muscle weakness, paresthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular
pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds,
P - Phosphorus
abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest|
.5 - 4.5 mg |
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 / Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | 2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen 100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Hyperphosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, increased bleeding tendencies,
anxiety, confusion, depression, irritability, fatigue, lethargy, paresthesia, increased deep tendon
· How does a vaccine provide immunity?
reflexes, tremors, muscle spasms, seizures, laryngeal spasms, increased bowel sounds, abdominal
cramping, and positive Trousseau's and Chvostek's signs Active immunity - antigen exposure
Hypophosphatemia - dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, personality changes, confusion,
decreased memory, headache, lethargy, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon
· Active immunity
reflexes, anorexia, nausea, vomiting,
Vaccine, or having the virus - Body builds immunity through exposure
Function of ribosomes
· Passive immunity
Synthesizes proteins
Receiving antibodies from external source - breastfeeding
· Hypervolemia
· identify examples of malignant cells
Fluid volume excess in intravascular space
Rapid growing, metastasis, fatal, undifferentiated
· Hypovolemia
· Assessment findings for localized inflammation
Fluid volume deficit in intravascular space
Destroyed tissue, redness, swelling, heat, pain, function loss
· Homeostasis
o Type I: IgE mediated
State of balance - reached by positive and negative feedback - self regulated
Hay fever, food allergy, anaphylaxis
, Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 / Final Exam: NUR2063 / NUR 2063 (Latest 2026 /
2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology | 2027 Update) Essentials of Pathophysiology |
Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of Review Guide Questions and Answers | 100 out of
100 | Grade A - Rasmussen 100 | Grade A - Rasmussen
Lung allergens
o Type II IgM/IgG: cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction Bronchospasm, edema, thick secretions
Blood transfusion reaction, erythroblastosis fetalis
· Manifestations of fight/flight response
o Type III: immune complex-mediated Increase HR, increased respirations, diaphoresis, pupil dilation, increased blood flow to muscles,
strength, alertness, decreased inflammation
Autoimmune conditions - Lupus
o Complication of compartment syndrome
o Type IV: delayed hypersensitivity reaction
results from increased pressure in a compartment, usually the muscle fascia in the case of
Tuberculin skin testing, transplant reactions, contact dermatitis
fractures
· What findings would you expect in someone with an anaphylactic reaction?
o What is contact dermatitis?
Bronchodilation, airway constriction,
Acute inflammatory reaction triggered by direct exposure to an irritant or allergen-producing
substance
Manifestations of a type 1 hypersensitivity
GI allergy o Clinical manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain Fatigue, anorexia, fever, malaise, muscle spasms, morning stiffness, warmth and tenderness in
joints, anemia, depression, unsteady gait
Skin manifestations
Urticaria (hives)
Mucosa allergens
o What is Muscular Dystrophy?
Conjunctivitis, rhinitis, asthma
