Comprehensive Pediatric Review: Neonatal Disorders, Genetic Syndromes, Metabolic Diseases, Seizure Disorders, Infectious Diseases, Congenital Heart Defects, Gastrointestinal Emergencies, Renal and Hematologic Conditions, Endocrine Abnormalities, Orthopedi

Comprehensive Pediatric Review: Neonatal Disorders, Genetic Syndromes, Metabolic Diseases, Seizure Disorders, Infectious Diseases, Congenital Heart Defects, Gastrointestinal Emergencies, Renal and Hematologic Conditions, Endocrine Abnormalities, Orthopedic Injuries, Dermatologic Rashes, Immunologic Disorders, and Developmental Behavioral Conditions Questions Verified and Complete with A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Hemangiomas -Capillary or cavernous -lesions that increase in size after birth, then resolve over 1-4 yrs -when enlarged, thay may produce high-output heart failure or platelet trapping and hemorrhage Nevus Simplex usually transient, and noted on the back of the neck, eyelids, and forehead. Nevus Flammeus -seen on the face and should cause the examiner to consider Sturge-Weber syndrome -port-wine stain Erythema Toxicum -erythematous, papular-vesicular rash common in neonates that develops after birth and involves eosinophils in the vesicular fluid. -benign Pustular Melanosis -more common in black infants -small, dry vesicles on a pigmented brown macular base -benign Slate Gray Patch -Congenital dermal melanocytosis "mongolian patch" -Usually disappear by the age 3-5, but can remain into adulthood Physiologic Jaundice -jaundice -not harmful -2-3 days after birth -typically self resolves within 1-2 weeks Biliary Atresia -jaundice in infant -acholic stools -dark urine -treatment is surgical Hypothyroidism -typically asymptomatic at birth -followed by lethargy, feeding problems, constipation, macroglossia, hypotonia, large fontanels, and dry skin Kernicterus -irreversible, potentially fatal complication of bilirubin crossing the blood brain barrier and depositing in basal ganglia infection of developing fetus or newborn that can occur in utero, during delivery, or after birth Toxoplasa gondii Other agents (parvo, VZV, HIV) Rubella CMV HSV What are the TORCH infections? Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia -Classic type: low levels of cortisol and aldosterone -treatment includes hydrocortisone Cystic Fribrosis -diagnosed by measuring IRT, genetic tests, and/or sweat chloride test -children need a pancreatic enzyme replacement at each feeding -children need mucus thinners and bronchodilatros and chest physiotherapy Galactosemia -Absent or low galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) enzyme activity with or without high total galactose -avoid foods with galactose and lactose -special foods and vitamin supplements needed Phenylketonuria (PKU) -rare disorder that prevents the body from breaking down phenylalanine. -treated with a low-protein diet (limiting meats, fish, eggs, and beans) Kwashiokor -in children with protein deficiency -ages 6 months to 3 years -subcutaneous fat is preserved -fatty liver and protruding abdomen Marasmus -in children with protein AND calorie deficiency -common in infants 1 yr -subcutaneous fat is NOT preserved Colic -episodes of uncontrollael crying or fussing in an otherwise healthy infant -facial grimacing, leg flexion, and passing flatus Autism Spectrum Disorder -patients typically struggle to understand nonverbal communication and do not interact with people as significantly as different objects -communication and speech dealy -intense interests, ritualistic behavior, and compulsive routines -disruption from routine may invoke behavioral dysregulations Temper Tantrums -brief episodes of extreme or unpleasant behavior that appear disproportionate to the situation -median duration is