Comprehensive Obstetrics and Gynecology Review: Preterm Labor, Tocolytics, Placental Disorders, Hypertensive Pregnancy Complications, Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Early Pregnancy Loss, Contraception, Vulvovaginal Infections, and Benign Vulvar Dermat

Comprehensive Obstetrics and Gynecology Review: Preterm Labor, Tocolytics, Placental Disorders, Hypertensive Pregnancy Complications, Gestational Trophoblastic Disease, Early Pregnancy Loss, Contraception, Vulvovaginal Infections, and Benign Vulvar Dermatoses Questions Complete with Verified A+ Graded Rationales Latest Updated 2026 Cervical Cerclage -procedure done to help with pregnancy in the 2nd trimester if there is cervical insufficiency -tying the cervix closed early in the second trimester Tocolytics major role is to prolong pregnancy (stop contractions) for up to 48 hours in order to allow time to administer corticosteroids CCB (Nifedipine) -tocolytic -prevents calcium entry into muscle cells -CI: hypotension and preload dependent cardiac lesions NSAIDs -tocolytic -decreases PG production -AE: constriction of ductus arteriosus, oligohydramnios, NEC, and PDA β-Adrenergic receptor agonists -tocolytic -increases cAMP concentration in cells which decreases free calcium -AE: fetal tachycardia Magnesium sulfate -tocolytic -competes with calcium for entry into cells -AE: neonatal depression -CI: myasthenia gravis 24 to 34 weeks timing for corticosteroids to enhance fetal pulmonary maturity Magnesium sulfate ______________________ administered before a preterm birth has been shown to decrease the rate of cerebral palsy in infants born preterm Placenta Previa placental location close to or over the internal cervical os Marginal Placenta Previa placental edge within 2 cm of the internal os without covering it Low Lying Placenta placenta that extends into the lower uterine segment but is more than 2 cm from the os Placenta Accreta placental tissue extends into the superficial layer of the myometrium Placenta Increta Placenta extends further into the myometrium Placenta Percreta placenta extends completely through the myometrium to the serosa and sometimes into adjacent organs Vasa Previa presence of fetal blood vessels over the internal os below the presenting part of the fetus Apt Test -can help distinguish fetal blood from maternal blood and may be useful if the test is rapidly available and bleeding is worrisome -blood mixed with NaOH -fetal blood turns pink and maternal blood turns yellow brown Nitrazine Test -uses pH to distinguish amniotic fluid from urine and vaginal secretions -amniotic fluid: pH of 7.1 -Vaginal fluid: pH 4.5-6.0 Fern Test -used to distinguishamniotic fluid from other fluids -look for patt