, TESTBANK FOR HDEV, 5th Edition By Spencer
Rathus
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
1. Who was the first theorist to argue that social approval and disapproval played a powerful role in
shaping behaviour?
a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
b. John Locke
c. Arnold Gesell
d. Ivan Pavlov
ANSWER: b
2. How were children viewed in ancient times and in the Middle Ages?
a. as essentially good b. as innately evil
c. a tabula rasa d. as capable of reasoning
ANSWER: b
3. What theorist from the 1600s would most likely have said: “Every child I meet is an empty canvas
waiting to be beautifully created”?
a. John Locke b. Alfred Binet
c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ANSWER: a
4. If you believe that every person is born innately good, who do you most likely agree with?
a. John Locke b. Alfred Binet
c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ANSWER: d
5. Philosophers once believed children to be a “tabula rasa.” What is meant by this belief?
a. Children are born with fears that must be overcome.
b. Children are born inherently selfish in order to survive.
c. Children can be influenced by their experiences.
d. Children are born with all that they need for survival.
ANSWER: c
6. In the Middle Ages at what age was an individual thought to reach the “age of reason”?
a. 7 years
b. 12 years
c. 17 years
d. 22 years
ANSWER: a
7. Who was the first theorist to view development in terms of learning theory?
a. John Watson b. B.F. Skinner
c. Jean Piaget d. Albert Bandura
ANSWER: a
8. Who suggested that children could become generous and moral people if they were left to their natural
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
tendencies or impulses?
a. John Locke b. Alfred Binet
c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ANSWER: d
9. Which statement best describes the experience of most children during the 20th century?
a. They received less education than during previous centuries.
b. They tended to marry at a younger age than during previous centuries.
c. They had greater legal protections compared with earlier periods of history.
d. They were considered the property of their parents and therefore the law did not protect them
from physical and sexual abuse.
ANSWER: c
10. Which event led to the family first being defined in terms of the nuclear unit?
a. the Black Death
b. the Industrial Revolution
c. the Crusades
d. World War I
ANSWER: b
11. How has the idea that childhood is a special time of life developed over time?
a. This idea declined throughout the 20th century.
b. This idea became evident during the Industrial Revolution.
c. This idea occurred at a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution.
d. This idea corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family
during this time.
ANSWER: b
12. What was the rationale for the first intelligence test?
a. to identify children at risk of falling behind in school
b. to compare children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds
c. to measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children
d. to create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children
ANSWER: a
13. How has the study of adult development changed over time?
a. After the population shift of the 1990s, developmental theorists focused their studies more on
adult development, leading to a diminished interest in child and adolescent development.
b. It was extensively studied during the social justice conscience efforts of the 1960s, but interest
faded out by the 1980s.
c. Today, researchers have expanded their work and are beginning to study emerging adulthood
more.
d. Developmental theorists overlooked this field of study because adulthood developmental
changes are primary physical, and not social and cognitive.
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
ANSWER: c
14. What is a similarity between John Watson’s behaviourism and John Locke’s concept of “tabula rasa”?
a. Both rigorously studied human development; however, Locke emphasized the adult
experience.
b. Both suggest that genetics determine a person’s ideas, preferences, and skills.
c. Both suggest that experience determines one’s ideas, preferences, and skills.
d. Both emphasize the importance of maturational processes.
ANSWER: c
15. What was Gesell’s view of child development?
a. Children are inherently evil.
b. Children are inherently good.
c. Environment is the main principle of development.
d. Biological maturation is the main principle of development.
ANSWER: d
16. What was the primary focus of John Watson’s behaviourism theory?
a. the effects of nature b. the effects of nurture
c. the effects of biology d. the effects of environment
ANSWER: b
17. Who was more interested in changes in the body over time than changes in behaviour over time?
a. Watson
b. Bandura
c. Gesell
d. Erikson
ANSWER: c
18. Who is considered to be the “father” of psychoanalytic theory?
a. Erikson b. Jung
c. Freud d. Locke
ANSWER: c
19. According to psychoanalytic perspectives, what is a child’s conflict during early development?
a. the child’s id
b. the child’s sexual and aggressive tendencies
c. parental expectations, social rules, and moral codes
d. the child's external limits, which have been internalized
ANSWER: c
20. Mary is holding her newborn daughter and comments on her gentle temperament. If Freud were in the
room, what might he state is the only part of the child’s personality that is present?
a. her id b. her ego
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,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
c. her superego d. her subliminal ego
ANSWER: a
21. According to Freud, obtaining gratification through consciously directed behaviour leads to the
development of which of the following?
a. the id b. the ego
c. the superego d. cognitive-developmental theory
ANSWER: b
22. What do Freud and Erikson’s theories have in common?
a. They are both stage theories. b. They are both cognitive theories.
c. They are both behavioural theories. d. They are both exclusively nurture theories.
ANSWER: a
23. What is the focus of Freudian psychoanalytic theory?
a. observable behaviours b. learning and education
c. emotional and social development d. quantitative change in development
ANSWER: c
24. According to Freud, what word describes the id?
a. conscious b. unconscious
c. preconscious d. subliminal
ANSWER: b
25. Jason is a 15-year-old, but in many ways he seems much younger. He is impatient and egocentric. If
you are listening music on your phone and Jason wants to hear the song, he might take the phone from
you. He does not seem to appreciate the difference between “yours” and “mine.” According to Freudian
theory, what level is Jason operating at?
a. the preconscious mind b. the superego
c. the id d. the ego
ANSWER: c
26. After Ramjeet had worked at their job for only three weeks and was still on probation, their friend
suggested Ramjeet should skip work and go cycling. Although Ramjeet wanted to go cycling with their
friend, Ramjeet decided work was the better choice. According to Freud’s theory, what was at work?
a. superego b. id
c. preconscious mind d. ego
ANSWER: d
27. Which of the following is a characteristic of the superego?
a. It is present at birth.
b. It is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
c. It represents the moral standards and values of parents.
d. It develops to help the child find convenient ways of satisfying urges.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
ANSWER: c
28. Which term did Freud use to describe his theory of child development?
a. psychometric b. epigenetic
c. psychosexual d. emergent
ANSWER: c
29. John has a 6-month-old son and is telling his friend Tom about his son’s activities. Tom has just read
a book by Sigmund Freud describing child development stages. According to Tom, which stage is John’s
son in?
a. the oral stage b. the anal stage
c. the fixated stage d. the latency stage
ANSWER: a
30. Ray is an extremely messy person who never cleans up after himself. Which stage of psychosocial
development would Freud say that Ray had an issue with during childhood?
a. oral stage b. anal stage
c. phallic stage d. genital stage
ANSWER: b
31. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child may become fixated in the oral stage of
development. In Freud’s view, what experience can lead to this type of fixation?
a. a stringent potty-training schedule
b. concentrating on schoolwork too long
c. playing with opposite-gender children too often
d. being denied appropriate amount of breast milk or nursed too long
ANSWER: d
32. According to Freud’s theory, what behaviour can result from becoming fixated during the anal stage
of development?
a. being overly dependent b. being untidy and careless
c. being shy and overcautious d. being very gullible (easily fooled)
ANSWER: b
33. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a nail-biting adult is “fixated” during which stage of
development?
a. the oral stage b. the anal stage
c. the phallic genital stage d. the genital stage
ANSWER: a
34. What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
a. anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital b. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
c. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
ANSWER: d
35. According to Freud, during what stage can boys develop strong attachments to their mothers while
girls form strong attachments to their fathers?
a. the oral stage b. the anal stage
c. the phallic stage d. the genital stage
ANSWER: c
36. Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age. How long do they stay in this stage of
development?
a. They generally stay there until puberty.
b. They stay there until the anal stage at age 8.
c. They usually do not progress to any further stage.
d. They then enter the phallic stage at adolescence.
ANSWER: a
37. Aliyah is an 8-year-old girl whose sexual impulses are buried. She spends her time focusing on her
schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. According to Freud, what psychosexual
stage is Aliyah in?
a. the oral stage b. the phallic stage
c. the latency stage d. the genital stage
ANSWER: c
38. Who would say that most of our behaviour is controlled by unconscious desires?
a. our unconscious desires b. our mental associations
c. our environmental stimuli d. our tabula rasa
ANSWER: a
39. What is Freud’s legacy for future thinkers?
a. Freud’s focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human
development.
b. Freud’s focus on children’s sexuality has encouraged many to continue researching his thesis.
c. Freud’s theories provided a starting point for research into linkages between behaviours
observed in childhood and those evident in adulthood.
d. Freud’s focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding of
how genetics and environment intersect.
ANSWER: c
40. How did Erikson’s theory differ from Freud’s?
a. Erikson focused only on infancy rather than through to adolescence.
b. Erikson’s theory had significantly fewer stages than Freud’s.
c. Erikson focused on social development into adulthood.
d. Erikson emphasized continuity while Freud focused on stages.
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
41. Each of Erikson stages of development was assigned a specific name. What were his labels based on?
a. life crises b. chronological age
c. psychosexual conflicts d. unhealthy patterns of parenting
ANSWER: a
42. What does Erikson’s psychosocial theory emphasize?
a. the role of the id b. psychological traits
c. lifespan development d. the importance of early experiences
ANSWER: c
43. According to Erikson, what is the effect of our early experiences?
a. They are easy to conquer under the right circumstances.
b. They wield a continued influence on our future development.
c. They exert very little influence on the person we become.
d. They forecast future development only after we reach 6 to 8 years of age.
ANSWER: b
44. Which statement is considered to be a positive influence of Erikson's theory?
a. It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.
b. It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
c. It reminds us that humans are selfish therefore, ultimately able to meet their own needs, and
achieve goals.
d. It suggests that childhood experiences can easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.
ANSWER: a
45. What did Erikson say was most central to a person’s development?
a. learning to control aggressive impulses
b. moderating the expression of sexual desires
c. the desire to achieve and help others
d. achieving milestones in cognitive development
ANSWER: c
46. Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad
becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up
before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. What is this behavioural
technique an example of?
a. learning perspective b. cognitive perspective
c. biological perspective d. psychodynamic perspective
ANSWER: a
47. Who conceptualized and introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviourism?
a. Freud b. Skinner
c. Watson d. Piaget
ANSWER: b
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Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
48. How is negative reinforcement enacted?
a. by decreasing an unwanted behaviour by administering a punishment
b. by eliminating an unwanted behaviour by administering something bad
c. by increasing a desired behaviour by taking away something unpleasant
d. by decreasing an unwanted behaviour by withholding something desired
ANSWER: c
49. According to operant conditioning, what leads to a changed behaviour?
a. innate processes b. reinforcements or punishments
c. mental evaluation of a situation d. pairing two stimuli to produce a response
ANSWER: b
50. According to the text, when does extinction of learning occur?
a. when classically conditioned stimuli are discontinued
b. never; once something is learned it is not possible to unlearn
c. with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues
d. after repetitive performance of operant behaviour without reinforcement
ANSWER: d
51. What is a defining characteristic of punishment?
a. It is physical, such as a spanking.
b. It decreases the frequency of a behaviour.
c. It works equally as well as reinforcements.
d. It is considered the best method of childrearing.
ANSWER: b
52. Chris's mother offers him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store.
Which concept of operant conditioning is Chris’s mother applying?
a. extinction
b. positive reinforcement
c. alternative reinforcement
d. conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
ANSWER: b
53. How do negative reinforcers differ from punishments?
a. Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
b. Punishments increase the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
c. Negative reinforcers decrease the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
d. Punishments decrease the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
ANSWER: a
54. In operant conditioning, which of the following responses to a child’s behaviour will result in its
extinction?
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8
Rathus
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
1. Who was the first theorist to argue that social approval and disapproval played a powerful role in
shaping behaviour?
a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
b. John Locke
c. Arnold Gesell
d. Ivan Pavlov
ANSWER: b
2. How were children viewed in ancient times and in the Middle Ages?
a. as essentially good b. as innately evil
c. a tabula rasa d. as capable of reasoning
ANSWER: b
3. What theorist from the 1600s would most likely have said: “Every child I meet is an empty canvas
waiting to be beautifully created”?
a. John Locke b. Alfred Binet
c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ANSWER: a
4. If you believe that every person is born innately good, who do you most likely agree with?
a. John Locke b. Alfred Binet
c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ANSWER: d
5. Philosophers once believed children to be a “tabula rasa.” What is meant by this belief?
a. Children are born with fears that must be overcome.
b. Children are born inherently selfish in order to survive.
c. Children can be influenced by their experiences.
d. Children are born with all that they need for survival.
ANSWER: c
6. In the Middle Ages at what age was an individual thought to reach the “age of reason”?
a. 7 years
b. 12 years
c. 17 years
d. 22 years
ANSWER: a
7. Who was the first theorist to view development in terms of learning theory?
a. John Watson b. B.F. Skinner
c. Jean Piaget d. Albert Bandura
ANSWER: a
8. Who suggested that children could become generous and moral people if they were left to their natural
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
tendencies or impulses?
a. John Locke b. Alfred Binet
c. Sigmund Freud d. Jean-Jacques Rousseau
ANSWER: d
9. Which statement best describes the experience of most children during the 20th century?
a. They received less education than during previous centuries.
b. They tended to marry at a younger age than during previous centuries.
c. They had greater legal protections compared with earlier periods of history.
d. They were considered the property of their parents and therefore the law did not protect them
from physical and sexual abuse.
ANSWER: c
10. Which event led to the family first being defined in terms of the nuclear unit?
a. the Black Death
b. the Industrial Revolution
c. the Crusades
d. World War I
ANSWER: b
11. How has the idea that childhood is a special time of life developed over time?
a. This idea declined throughout the 20th century.
b. This idea became evident during the Industrial Revolution.
c. This idea occurred at a time of ease and play for children during the Industrial Revolution.
d. This idea corresponded to the Middle Ages and the importance of children in the family
during this time.
ANSWER: b
12. What was the rationale for the first intelligence test?
a. to identify children at risk of falling behind in school
b. to compare children of different racial and ethnic backgrounds
c. to measure IQ scores to determine genius-level abilities in children
d. to create separate classrooms for high- and low-intelligence children
ANSWER: a
13. How has the study of adult development changed over time?
a. After the population shift of the 1990s, developmental theorists focused their studies more on
adult development, leading to a diminished interest in child and adolescent development.
b. It was extensively studied during the social justice conscience efforts of the 1960s, but interest
faded out by the 1980s.
c. Today, researchers have expanded their work and are beginning to study emerging adulthood
more.
d. Developmental theorists overlooked this field of study because adulthood developmental
changes are primary physical, and not social and cognitive.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
ANSWER: c
14. What is a similarity between John Watson’s behaviourism and John Locke’s concept of “tabula rasa”?
a. Both rigorously studied human development; however, Locke emphasized the adult
experience.
b. Both suggest that genetics determine a person’s ideas, preferences, and skills.
c. Both suggest that experience determines one’s ideas, preferences, and skills.
d. Both emphasize the importance of maturational processes.
ANSWER: c
15. What was Gesell’s view of child development?
a. Children are inherently evil.
b. Children are inherently good.
c. Environment is the main principle of development.
d. Biological maturation is the main principle of development.
ANSWER: d
16. What was the primary focus of John Watson’s behaviourism theory?
a. the effects of nature b. the effects of nurture
c. the effects of biology d. the effects of environment
ANSWER: b
17. Who was more interested in changes in the body over time than changes in behaviour over time?
a. Watson
b. Bandura
c. Gesell
d. Erikson
ANSWER: c
18. Who is considered to be the “father” of psychoanalytic theory?
a. Erikson b. Jung
c. Freud d. Locke
ANSWER: c
19. According to psychoanalytic perspectives, what is a child’s conflict during early development?
a. the child’s id
b. the child’s sexual and aggressive tendencies
c. parental expectations, social rules, and moral codes
d. the child's external limits, which have been internalized
ANSWER: c
20. Mary is holding her newborn daughter and comments on her gentle temperament. If Freud were in the
room, what might he state is the only part of the child’s personality that is present?
a. her id b. her ego
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
c. her superego d. her subliminal ego
ANSWER: a
21. According to Freud, obtaining gratification through consciously directed behaviour leads to the
development of which of the following?
a. the id b. the ego
c. the superego d. cognitive-developmental theory
ANSWER: b
22. What do Freud and Erikson’s theories have in common?
a. They are both stage theories. b. They are both cognitive theories.
c. They are both behavioural theories. d. They are both exclusively nurture theories.
ANSWER: a
23. What is the focus of Freudian psychoanalytic theory?
a. observable behaviours b. learning and education
c. emotional and social development d. quantitative change in development
ANSWER: c
24. According to Freud, what word describes the id?
a. conscious b. unconscious
c. preconscious d. subliminal
ANSWER: b
25. Jason is a 15-year-old, but in many ways he seems much younger. He is impatient and egocentric. If
you are listening music on your phone and Jason wants to hear the song, he might take the phone from
you. He does not seem to appreciate the difference between “yours” and “mine.” According to Freudian
theory, what level is Jason operating at?
a. the preconscious mind b. the superego
c. the id d. the ego
ANSWER: c
26. After Ramjeet had worked at their job for only three weeks and was still on probation, their friend
suggested Ramjeet should skip work and go cycling. Although Ramjeet wanted to go cycling with their
friend, Ramjeet decided work was the better choice. According to Freud’s theory, what was at work?
a. superego b. id
c. preconscious mind d. ego
ANSWER: d
27. Which of the following is a characteristic of the superego?
a. It is present at birth.
b. It is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.
c. It represents the moral standards and values of parents.
d. It develops to help the child find convenient ways of satisfying urges.
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
ANSWER: c
28. Which term did Freud use to describe his theory of child development?
a. psychometric b. epigenetic
c. psychosexual d. emergent
ANSWER: c
29. John has a 6-month-old son and is telling his friend Tom about his son’s activities. Tom has just read
a book by Sigmund Freud describing child development stages. According to Tom, which stage is John’s
son in?
a. the oral stage b. the anal stage
c. the fixated stage d. the latency stage
ANSWER: a
30. Ray is an extremely messy person who never cleans up after himself. Which stage of psychosocial
development would Freud say that Ray had an issue with during childhood?
a. oral stage b. anal stage
c. phallic stage d. genital stage
ANSWER: b
31. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a child may become fixated in the oral stage of
development. In Freud’s view, what experience can lead to this type of fixation?
a. a stringent potty-training schedule
b. concentrating on schoolwork too long
c. playing with opposite-gender children too often
d. being denied appropriate amount of breast milk or nursed too long
ANSWER: d
32. According to Freud’s theory, what behaviour can result from becoming fixated during the anal stage
of development?
a. being overly dependent b. being untidy and careless
c. being shy and overcautious d. being very gullible (easily fooled)
ANSWER: b
33. According to Freudian psychoanalytic theory, a nail-biting adult is “fixated” during which stage of
development?
a. the oral stage b. the anal stage
c. the phallic genital stage d. the genital stage
ANSWER: a
34. What is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?
a. anal, latency, phallic, oral, genital b. anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital
c. phallic, oral, anal, latency, genital d. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
ANSWER: d
35. According to Freud, during what stage can boys develop strong attachments to their mothers while
girls form strong attachments to their fathers?
a. the oral stage b. the anal stage
c. the phallic stage d. the genital stage
ANSWER: c
36. Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age. How long do they stay in this stage of
development?
a. They generally stay there until puberty.
b. They stay there until the anal stage at age 8.
c. They usually do not progress to any further stage.
d. They then enter the phallic stage at adolescence.
ANSWER: a
37. Aliyah is an 8-year-old girl whose sexual impulses are buried. She spends her time focusing on her
schoolwork and developing relationships with same-sex friends. According to Freud, what psychosexual
stage is Aliyah in?
a. the oral stage b. the phallic stage
c. the latency stage d. the genital stage
ANSWER: c
38. Who would say that most of our behaviour is controlled by unconscious desires?
a. our unconscious desires b. our mental associations
c. our environmental stimuli d. our tabula rasa
ANSWER: a
39. What is Freud’s legacy for future thinkers?
a. Freud’s focus on the scientific method has led to stronger ways of studying human
development.
b. Freud’s focus on children’s sexuality has encouraged many to continue researching his thesis.
c. Freud’s theories provided a starting point for research into linkages between behaviours
observed in childhood and those evident in adulthood.
d. Freud’s focus on the importance of genetics has led to modern researchers understanding of
how genetics and environment intersect.
ANSWER: c
40. How did Erikson’s theory differ from Freud’s?
a. Erikson focused only on infancy rather than through to adolescence.
b. Erikson’s theory had significantly fewer stages than Freud’s.
c. Erikson focused on social development into adulthood.
d. Erikson emphasized continuity while Freud focused on stages.
ANSWER: c
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6
,Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
41. Each of Erikson stages of development was assigned a specific name. What were his labels based on?
a. life crises b. chronological age
c. psychosexual conflicts d. unhealthy patterns of parenting
ANSWER: a
42. What does Erikson’s psychosocial theory emphasize?
a. the role of the id b. psychological traits
c. lifespan development d. the importance of early experiences
ANSWER: c
43. According to Erikson, what is the effect of our early experiences?
a. They are easy to conquer under the right circumstances.
b. They wield a continued influence on our future development.
c. They exert very little influence on the person we become.
d. They forecast future development only after we reach 6 to 8 years of age.
ANSWER: b
44. Which statement is considered to be a positive influence of Erikson's theory?
a. It emphasizes the importance of human consciousness and choice.
b. It reinforces the importance of unconscious forces in human development.
c. It reminds us that humans are selfish therefore, ultimately able to meet their own needs, and
achieve goals.
d. It suggests that childhood experiences can easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.
ANSWER: a
45. What did Erikson say was most central to a person’s development?
a. learning to control aggressive impulses
b. moderating the expression of sexual desires
c. the desire to achieve and help others
d. achieving milestones in cognitive development
ANSWER: c
46. Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad
becomes wet, a circuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up
before wetting the pad. Over time, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. What is this behavioural
technique an example of?
a. learning perspective b. cognitive perspective
c. biological perspective d. psychodynamic perspective
ANSWER: a
47. Who conceptualized and introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviourism?
a. Freud b. Skinner
c. Watson d. Piaget
ANSWER: b
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, Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 1 - History, Theories, and Methods
48. How is negative reinforcement enacted?
a. by decreasing an unwanted behaviour by administering a punishment
b. by eliminating an unwanted behaviour by administering something bad
c. by increasing a desired behaviour by taking away something unpleasant
d. by decreasing an unwanted behaviour by withholding something desired
ANSWER: c
49. According to operant conditioning, what leads to a changed behaviour?
a. innate processes b. reinforcements or punishments
c. mental evaluation of a situation d. pairing two stimuli to produce a response
ANSWER: b
50. According to the text, when does extinction of learning occur?
a. when classically conditioned stimuli are discontinued
b. never; once something is learned it is not possible to unlearn
c. with the passage of time, even if reinforcement continues
d. after repetitive performance of operant behaviour without reinforcement
ANSWER: d
51. What is a defining characteristic of punishment?
a. It is physical, such as a spanking.
b. It decreases the frequency of a behaviour.
c. It works equally as well as reinforcements.
d. It is considered the best method of childrearing.
ANSWER: b
52. Chris's mother offers him a cookie, but only if he doesn't throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store.
Which concept of operant conditioning is Chris’s mother applying?
a. extinction
b. positive reinforcement
c. alternative reinforcement
d. conditioned stimulus and conditioned response
ANSWER: b
53. How do negative reinforcers differ from punishments?
a. Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
b. Punishments increase the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
c. Negative reinforcers decrease the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
d. Punishments decrease the frequency of behaviour when they are removed.
ANSWER: a
54. In operant conditioning, which of the following responses to a child’s behaviour will result in its
extinction?
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