Olivia Jones CONCEPT MAP WORKSHEET, complete solution guide.

Olivia Jones CONCEPT MAP WORKSHEET, complete solution guide. CONCEPT MAP WORKSHEET DESCRIBE DISEASE PROCESS AFFECTING PATIENT (INCLUDE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE PROCESS) “Preeclampsia is the result of generalized vasospasms. The underlying cause of vasospasm remains a mystery, but some of the physiologic processes are known. In a normal pregnancy, vascular volume is significantly increased, and cardiac output is increased. Despite these factors, blood pressure does not rise in a normal pregnancy, probably because pregnant women develop resistance to the effects of vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II. Moreover, a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance occurs from the effects of certain vasodilators, such as prostacyclin (PGI2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF). In preeclampsia, however, peripheral vascular resistance increases because of the sensitivity of some women to angiotensin II and a decrease in vasodilators. For example, the ratio of thromboxane A2 to PGI2 increases. Thromboxane, produced by kidney and trophoblastic tissue, causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation (clumping)/ PGI2, produced by placental tissue and endothelial cells causes vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.” (McKinney, James, Murray, Nelson, & Ashwill, 2018) “Severe preeclampsia consists of blood pressure that is 160/110 mm Hg or greater, proteinuria greater than 3+, oliguria, elevated blood creatinine greater than 1.1 mg/dL, cerebral or visual disturbances (headache and blurred vision, hyperreflexia with possible ankle clonus, pulmonary or cardiac involvement, extensive peripheral edema, hepatic dysfunction, epigastric and right upper-quadrant pain, and thrombocytopenia.” (Holman et al., 2019)