HISTORY OF ANIMATION EXAM WITH CORRECT SOLUTIONS #19
What are the four basic principles of Persistence of Vision Theory - correct answer 1)
The viewer's vision must be restricted (i.e. A projector's shutter)
2) The eye blurs many images together into one image if they are presented in quick
succession
3) A certain minimum speed of presentation is required to produce this blurring effect
4) A large quantity of light is essential to create a convincing continuous image
Who came up with the Persistence of Vision theory? - correct answer Peter Mark Roget
What is the Persistence of Vision simplified? - correct answer IMAGES ARE RETAINED
BY THE RETINA FOR A FRACTION OF A SECOND BEFORE BEING REPLACED BY
A NEW ONE. IF THE SUCCESSION OF IMAGES IS RAPID ENOUGH, THEN
MOVEMENT CAN BE PERCEIVED FROM STILL PICTURES
Who created the Thaumotrope? What is it? - correct answer John A Paris
A thaumatrope is a toy that was popular in the 19th century. A disk with a picture on
each side is attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly
between the fingers the two pictures appear to blend into one due to the persistence of
vision.
Who created the Phenakistiscope? What is it? - correct answer Joseph Plateau
The phenakistoscope (also spelled phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope) was an early
animation device that used the Persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of
motion.
Who created the Praxinoscope? What is it? - correct answer Emile Reynauld
The praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was
invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip
of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder.
Who created the Theatre Optique? What is it? - correct answer Emile Reynaud
The Théâtre Optique was a moving picture show presented by Charles-Émile Reynaud
in 1892. It was the first presentation of projected moving images to an audience,
predating Auguste and Louis Lumière's first public performance by three years.
What was Edward Muybridge's process? - correct answer • A row of cameras triggered
by tripwires stretched across racetrack
• Captured all stages of a gallop
• Use of multiple cameras satisfied his disbelievers
• Significant technical improvements
O Faster shutter speed
O Mind boggling 1/2000th of a second!
, What was a similar effect to Muybridge's process? - correct answer A very similar
technique was recently created that ingeniously implemented Muybridge's series of
cameras. The effect, dubbed "Bullet Time," gained widespread recognition and notoriety
in "The Matrix."
What is the Kinetoscope? Mutoscope? How are they different? - correct answer The
Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was
designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer
window at the top of the device.
The Mutoscope was an early motion picture device, invented by Winsor mccay and later
patented by Herman Casler on November 21, 1894. Like Thomas Edison's
Kinetoscope, it did not project on a screen and provided viewing to only one person at a
time.
Who was George Melies? - correct answer Méliès (8 December 1861 - 21 January
1938) was an especially prolific innovator in the use of special effects, popularizing such
techniques as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography,
dissolves, and hand-painted color. His films include A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The
Impossible Voyage (1904), both involving strange, surreal journeys somewhat in the
style of Jules Verne, and are considered among the most important early science fiction
films, though their approach is closer to fantasy.
Who was one of the early pioneers of animation? He created "The Enchanted Drawing"
- correct answer John Stuart Blackton
What was the first animated cartoon? What year and who created it? - correct answer In
1906, Blackton created what many have labeled as the first animated cartoon
• "Humorous Phases Of Funny Faces"
• Chalk drawn images magically come to life using the same technique
• Blackton remained anonymous with only his hand coming into view
Mccay Vs. Cohl - correct answer • Started his career in his 30's, already a successful ($
$) comic strip artist
• No deadline pressure to finish cartoons...worked for months/years on films
• mccay was a "showman," flamboyant, a very public personality
• Cohl was "behind-the-scenes," only his hands appeared in his films
• mccay was the protagonist! Prominently displaying his name above each title
• Cohl abandoned his graphic style, creating a new streamlined one for all the drawings
needed
• mccay had top billing...big ego (said he invented animation)
• mccay enjoyed showing how it was done (pre-Penn and Teller)
• Revival of his work in the late 1960's
Describe the animated cartoon in the Silent Era - correct answer The animated cartoon
in the Silent era was treated like a comic strip
What are the four basic principles of Persistence of Vision Theory - correct answer 1)
The viewer's vision must be restricted (i.e. A projector's shutter)
2) The eye blurs many images together into one image if they are presented in quick
succession
3) A certain minimum speed of presentation is required to produce this blurring effect
4) A large quantity of light is essential to create a convincing continuous image
Who came up with the Persistence of Vision theory? - correct answer Peter Mark Roget
What is the Persistence of Vision simplified? - correct answer IMAGES ARE RETAINED
BY THE RETINA FOR A FRACTION OF A SECOND BEFORE BEING REPLACED BY
A NEW ONE. IF THE SUCCESSION OF IMAGES IS RAPID ENOUGH, THEN
MOVEMENT CAN BE PERCEIVED FROM STILL PICTURES
Who created the Thaumotrope? What is it? - correct answer John A Paris
A thaumatrope is a toy that was popular in the 19th century. A disk with a picture on
each side is attached to two pieces of string. When the strings are twirled quickly
between the fingers the two pictures appear to blend into one due to the persistence of
vision.
Who created the Phenakistiscope? What is it? - correct answer Joseph Plateau
The phenakistoscope (also spelled phenakistiscope or phenakitiscope) was an early
animation device that used the Persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of
motion.
Who created the Praxinoscope? What is it? - correct answer Emile Reynauld
The praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was
invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Émile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip
of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder.
Who created the Theatre Optique? What is it? - correct answer Emile Reynaud
The Théâtre Optique was a moving picture show presented by Charles-Émile Reynaud
in 1892. It was the first presentation of projected moving images to an audience,
predating Auguste and Louis Lumière's first public performance by three years.
What was Edward Muybridge's process? - correct answer • A row of cameras triggered
by tripwires stretched across racetrack
• Captured all stages of a gallop
• Use of multiple cameras satisfied his disbelievers
• Significant technical improvements
O Faster shutter speed
O Mind boggling 1/2000th of a second!
, What was a similar effect to Muybridge's process? - correct answer A very similar
technique was recently created that ingeniously implemented Muybridge's series of
cameras. The effect, dubbed "Bullet Time," gained widespread recognition and notoriety
in "The Matrix."
What is the Kinetoscope? Mutoscope? How are they different? - correct answer The
Kinetoscope is an early motion picture exhibition device. The Kinetoscope was
designed for films to be viewed by one individual at a time through a peephole viewer
window at the top of the device.
The Mutoscope was an early motion picture device, invented by Winsor mccay and later
patented by Herman Casler on November 21, 1894. Like Thomas Edison's
Kinetoscope, it did not project on a screen and provided viewing to only one person at a
time.
Who was George Melies? - correct answer Méliès (8 December 1861 - 21 January
1938) was an especially prolific innovator in the use of special effects, popularizing such
techniques as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time-lapse photography,
dissolves, and hand-painted color. His films include A Trip to the Moon (1902) and The
Impossible Voyage (1904), both involving strange, surreal journeys somewhat in the
style of Jules Verne, and are considered among the most important early science fiction
films, though their approach is closer to fantasy.
Who was one of the early pioneers of animation? He created "The Enchanted Drawing"
- correct answer John Stuart Blackton
What was the first animated cartoon? What year and who created it? - correct answer In
1906, Blackton created what many have labeled as the first animated cartoon
• "Humorous Phases Of Funny Faces"
• Chalk drawn images magically come to life using the same technique
• Blackton remained anonymous with only his hand coming into view
Mccay Vs. Cohl - correct answer • Started his career in his 30's, already a successful ($
$) comic strip artist
• No deadline pressure to finish cartoons...worked for months/years on films
• mccay was a "showman," flamboyant, a very public personality
• Cohl was "behind-the-scenes," only his hands appeared in his films
• mccay was the protagonist! Prominently displaying his name above each title
• Cohl abandoned his graphic style, creating a new streamlined one for all the drawings
needed
• mccay had top billing...big ego (said he invented animation)
• mccay enjoyed showing how it was done (pre-Penn and Teller)
• Revival of his work in the late 1960's
Describe the animated cartoon in the Silent Era - correct answer The animated cartoon
in the Silent era was treated like a comic strip
