CORRECT ANSWERS|LATEST !!!!2026|GRADED
What is the anatomical position? - ANSWER The position where the person is
standing upright with the arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward
What is the Sagittal plane and the primary type of movement that takes place in this plane? -
ANSWER This plane divides the body into right and left regions.
Flexion/extension occurs in this plan.
What is the frontal plane, another name for it and the primary type of movement that takes
place in this plane? - ANSWER The frontal (coronal) plane runs through the center of
the body from side to side, dividing the body into front and back halves.
Abduction/addiction occurs in this plane. Some inversion(such as ankle inversion when
dribbling a soccer ball) also takes place.
What is the transverse plane and the primary type of movement that takes place in this
plane? - ANSWER The transverse plane is horizontal plane that divides the body into
upper and lower regions.
Rotation occurs in this plane, such as hip internal/external rotation or trunk twists.
What is the difference between velocity and speed, and how are they calculated ? -
ANSWER Velocity is the rate of change of distance over time.
1
,Speed is the rate at which an object covers a distance, and velocity describes how fast and in
what direction an object is moving.
Average speed is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the amount of time it took
to cover that distance.
The same can be said for average velocity, but it entails the distance traveled in a given
direction.
What factors influence the torque extended by a joint? - ANSWER Various
characteristics of the joint such as range of motion (ROM) of the joint and the angle within
this range that the joint is in; the relationship of muscle length vs force; length of the lever
arm of the bone; leverage resulting from the use of joints l as first-, second- and third- class
levers; and speed of contraction of muscles at the joint
What is force, how is it calculated, and what determines the magnitude of force produced by
a muscle at any given time? - ANSWER Force is the interaction of two physical
objects that have both magnitude and direction, often thought of as push or pull exerted on
one object by a second object.
Force, in Newtons (N), is calculated via F = ma.
The number of cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments determines the
amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time.
What is the rate of force development, how can it be visually represented, and for what
aspect of sports does it serve as an index? - ANSWER The change in force divided by
the change in time.
The force-time curve graphically represents the RFD.
2
,It has relevance for sports where the timing of movements or explosiveness is critical. The
generation of maximum force in minimum time is an index of explosive strength.
What is a motor unit, and what does its function depend on ? - ANSWER The
functional unit of the neuromotor system consisting of the motor neuron all the muscle
fibers it inner ages. Motor units contain only one type of muscle fiber (i.e., Type I, Type IIa,
Type IIx)x
Motor unit function depends on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the
muscle fibers inner ages by the motor neuron.
What compromises a motor neuron, and what is its function ? - ANSWER Consisting
of an alpha motor neuron(cell body), Axon, and dendrites, the motor neuron transmits
nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the muscle fiber. A myelin sheath surrounds the axon,
with nodes, interrupting the myelin every 1 to 2 mL.
The alternation of myelin and nodes allows an electrical current (I.e., nerve impulse) to
quickly move down the axon with impulses " jumping" from node to node. The terminal
branches end at the neuromuscular junction.
What is a motor end plate, And what is its functions? - ANSWER The chemical
synapse between the end of the myelinated motor neuron, and the muscle fiber.
Transmits nerve impulses from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber , initiating the
simulation of the nerve fiber by chemical transmission. The action potential reaches a
terminal branches, and ACh is released across the synaptic space, stimulating the
sarcolemma. When enough ACh is released, an action potential is generated and travels the
length of the muscle fiber, causing it to contract.
3
, What are Golgi tendon organs? - ANSWER Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are
mechanoreceptors that lie parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers near the muscultendinous
junction and detect tension changes in an active muscle, acting as feedback monitors.
What is the difference between autogenic, inhibition and reciprocal inhibition? -
ANSWER Autogenic inhibition is when a muscle relaxes when it is stretched or
experiences tension, because the GTO's activate an inhibitory interneuron. It takes place in
the same muscle.
Reciprocal inhibition occurs when a contracting muscle stimulates the muscle spindles ,
causing the opposing muscle to relax. It takes place in the antagonist.
What is the function of the somatic system and what can be considered its counterpart? -
ANSWER The somatic nervous system, innovate, skeletal muscles and is responsible
for conscious control of voluntary movements.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the counterpart, because it is the other part of the
motor system, but it is under involuntary control.
What are the three tissue layers in the structure of arteries and veins and what are they
composed of? - ANSWER The endothelium or the tunica intima forms the inner
layer.
The middle layer, the tunica media, contains the last in and smooth muscle fibers.
Connective tissue forms, the outside coding called the tunica externa .
Anatomically what are the primary control structures for blood pressure regulation? -
ANSWER Arterioles regulate blood flow into the capillary bed through constriction
and dilation, so they are the primary control structures for blood pressure regulation.
4
What is the anatomical position? - ANSWER The position where the person is
standing upright with the arms at the side and the palms of the hands facing forward
What is the Sagittal plane and the primary type of movement that takes place in this plane? -
ANSWER This plane divides the body into right and left regions.
Flexion/extension occurs in this plan.
What is the frontal plane, another name for it and the primary type of movement that takes
place in this plane? - ANSWER The frontal (coronal) plane runs through the center of
the body from side to side, dividing the body into front and back halves.
Abduction/addiction occurs in this plane. Some inversion(such as ankle inversion when
dribbling a soccer ball) also takes place.
What is the transverse plane and the primary type of movement that takes place in this
plane? - ANSWER The transverse plane is horizontal plane that divides the body into
upper and lower regions.
Rotation occurs in this plane, such as hip internal/external rotation or trunk twists.
What is the difference between velocity and speed, and how are they calculated ? -
ANSWER Velocity is the rate of change of distance over time.
1
,Speed is the rate at which an object covers a distance, and velocity describes how fast and in
what direction an object is moving.
Average speed is calculated by dividing the distance traveled by the amount of time it took
to cover that distance.
The same can be said for average velocity, but it entails the distance traveled in a given
direction.
What factors influence the torque extended by a joint? - ANSWER Various
characteristics of the joint such as range of motion (ROM) of the joint and the angle within
this range that the joint is in; the relationship of muscle length vs force; length of the lever
arm of the bone; leverage resulting from the use of joints l as first-, second- and third- class
levers; and speed of contraction of muscles at the joint
What is force, how is it calculated, and what determines the magnitude of force produced by
a muscle at any given time? - ANSWER Force is the interaction of two physical
objects that have both magnitude and direction, often thought of as push or pull exerted on
one object by a second object.
Force, in Newtons (N), is calculated via F = ma.
The number of cross-bridges formed between actin and myosin filaments determines the
amount of force produced by a muscle at any instant in time.
What is the rate of force development, how can it be visually represented, and for what
aspect of sports does it serve as an index? - ANSWER The change in force divided by
the change in time.
The force-time curve graphically represents the RFD.
2
,It has relevance for sports where the timing of movements or explosiveness is critical. The
generation of maximum force in minimum time is an index of explosive strength.
What is a motor unit, and what does its function depend on ? - ANSWER The
functional unit of the neuromotor system consisting of the motor neuron all the muscle
fibers it inner ages. Motor units contain only one type of muscle fiber (i.e., Type I, Type IIa,
Type IIx)x
Motor unit function depends on the morphological and physiological characteristics of the
muscle fibers inner ages by the motor neuron.
What compromises a motor neuron, and what is its function ? - ANSWER Consisting
of an alpha motor neuron(cell body), Axon, and dendrites, the motor neuron transmits
nerve impulses from the spinal cord to the muscle fiber. A myelin sheath surrounds the axon,
with nodes, interrupting the myelin every 1 to 2 mL.
The alternation of myelin and nodes allows an electrical current (I.e., nerve impulse) to
quickly move down the axon with impulses " jumping" from node to node. The terminal
branches end at the neuromuscular junction.
What is a motor end plate, And what is its functions? - ANSWER The chemical
synapse between the end of the myelinated motor neuron, and the muscle fiber.
Transmits nerve impulses from the motor neuron to the muscle fiber , initiating the
simulation of the nerve fiber by chemical transmission. The action potential reaches a
terminal branches, and ACh is released across the synaptic space, stimulating the
sarcolemma. When enough ACh is released, an action potential is generated and travels the
length of the muscle fiber, causing it to contract.
3
, What are Golgi tendon organs? - ANSWER Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are
mechanoreceptors that lie parallel to extrafusal muscle fibers near the muscultendinous
junction and detect tension changes in an active muscle, acting as feedback monitors.
What is the difference between autogenic, inhibition and reciprocal inhibition? -
ANSWER Autogenic inhibition is when a muscle relaxes when it is stretched or
experiences tension, because the GTO's activate an inhibitory interneuron. It takes place in
the same muscle.
Reciprocal inhibition occurs when a contracting muscle stimulates the muscle spindles ,
causing the opposing muscle to relax. It takes place in the antagonist.
What is the function of the somatic system and what can be considered its counterpart? -
ANSWER The somatic nervous system, innovate, skeletal muscles and is responsible
for conscious control of voluntary movements.
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is the counterpart, because it is the other part of the
motor system, but it is under involuntary control.
What are the three tissue layers in the structure of arteries and veins and what are they
composed of? - ANSWER The endothelium or the tunica intima forms the inner
layer.
The middle layer, the tunica media, contains the last in and smooth muscle fibers.
Connective tissue forms, the outside coding called the tunica externa .
Anatomically what are the primary control structures for blood pressure regulation? -
ANSWER Arterioles regulate blood flow into the capillary bed through constriction
and dilation, so they are the primary control structures for blood pressure regulation.
4
