NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
Asthma - ANSWER-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER--airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSWER-smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSWER-the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER-embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - ANSWER-white blood cells are present
to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -
ANSWER-the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER-
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER-
smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ANSWER-control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER-When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible
mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER-the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial
walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ANSWER--expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ANSWER-
tiotropium and ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSWER-These drugs block
the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - ANSWER-the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
Perfusion - ANSWER-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes
from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANSWER-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER-there is
hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Asthma - ANSWER-Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - ANSWER-coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - ANSWER--airway inflammation,
bronchial hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - ANSWER-smaller passageways that originate from the
bronchi that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - ANSWER-innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - ANSWER-the middle layer of the bronchioles
,structure of the lamina propria - ANSWER-embedded with connective
tissue cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - ANSWER-white blood cells are present
to help protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma -
ANSWER-the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an
inflammatory response that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER-
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - ANSWER-
smooth muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - ANSWER-control
the airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - ANSWER-When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible
mucus plug thus trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - ANSWER-the ongoing inflammatory
process of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial
walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - ANSWER--expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - ANSWER-
tiotropium and ipratropium
, What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - ANSWER-These drugs block
the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - ANSWER-the
parasympathetic system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release
acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic receptors of the respiratory
tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding
preventing the bronchial constriction
bronchitis - ANSWER-inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - ANSWER-bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2
successive years
Perfusion - ANSWER-The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes
from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood
through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - ANSWER-cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - ANSWER-there is
hypoxia due to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
