HPHY 325 MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026

HPHY 325 MIDTERM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 homeostasis - Answers the internal environment being actively maintained constant by the function of cells, tissues, and organs organized in negative feedback systems negative feedback - Answers A control mechanism that opposes change in the regulated variable and returns it back towards the set point interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph - Answers Homeostatic mechanisms keep regulated variables in the internal environment within a normal range. What does the "internal environment" include? no - Answers Does the internal environment include the intracellular fluid? extracellular fluid (ECF) - Answers Surrounds all cells of the body and includes: interstitial fluid, plasma, lymph regulated variable - Answers "sensed" variable, kept in a normal range sensor - Answers Measures regulated variable, generates signal proportional to value of regulated variable control center - Answers Compares value of the regulated variable to set point, sends command to the effectors effector - Answers Physical entity whose action determines the value of the regulated variable response - Answers The action of the effector perturbation - Answers Any change to internal/external environment causing a change in the regulated variable true - Answers True or false: signals from the control center are ALWAYS present (homeostatic regulation is constant) false - Answers True or false: If something is regulated by negative feedback it is a homeostatic mechanism true - Answers True or false: The set point can change false - Answers True or false: All physiological variables in the body are regulated sensor, normal range - Answers How can you tell if a variable is regulated or not? regulated variable (sensed variable) - Answers Has a sensor and is kept within a limited range by physiological mechanisms non-regulated variable (controlled variable) - Answers Variables that can change the system, but don't have receptors no (controlled variable, can be changed by system but does not have a sensor, changed to help keep regulated variables in normal range) - Answers Is heart rate a regulated variable? yes (chemosensors in carotid bodies and aortic bodies, 75-100 mmHg) - Answers Is arterial PO2 a regulated variable? yes (mechanoreceptors in carotid sinus and aortic arch, 93 mmHg) - Answers Is blood pressure a regulated variable? yes (chemosensors in pancreas, 10-110 mg/dl) - Answers Is blood glucose a regulated variable? positive feedback - Answers Effector activity is in the same direction as stimulus. Amplifies/exacerbates the change. Function: bring something to completion negative feedback - Answers Effector activity opposes stimulus. Counteracts change, back to set point. Function: keep within a normal range. diffusion, filtration, secrete lubricating substance - Answers Function of simple squamous epithelium kidney glomeruli, alveoli, serosa membranes - Answers location of simple squamous epithelium secretion, absorption - Answers function of simple cuboidal epithelium kidney tubules, ducts of small glands, ovary surface - Answers location of simple cuboidal epithelium (examples) secretion, absorption - Answers function of simple columnar epithelium GI tract (non-ciliated), uterine tubes (ciliated) - Answers Location of simple columnar epithelium protection - Answers Function of stratified squamous epithelium epidermis, mouth, esophagus, vagina, anus - Answers location of stratified squamous epithelium secretion, propulsion of mucus - Answers Function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium sperm carrying ducts (non-ciliated), ducts of large glands (non-ciliated), respiratory tract (ciliated) - Answers location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium stretch - Answers function of transitional epithelium ureters, bladder, urethra - Answers Location of transitional epithelium epithelial, neural, muscle, connective - Answers Four tissue types epithelia - Answers cellular layers covering exposed surfaces and lining intestinal cavities glands - Answers one or more cells that produce and secrete a certain product exocrine glands - Answers secrete onto external surface or internal passageways via ducts endocrine glands - Answers secrete hormones into blood vessels exocrine - Answers What type of glands are sudoriferous/sebaceous glands? exocrine, endocrine - Answers What type of gland is the pancreas? digestive enzymes - Answers What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas secrete? hormones (glucagon, insulin) - Answers What does the endocrine portion of the pancreas secrete? mucous membranes - Answers Membranes that line body cavities open to the outside of the body serous membranes - Answers Membranes that line body cavities closed to the exterior and produce serous fluid cutaneous membrane - Answers skin (epidermis/dermis) membrane type serous - Answers The type of membrane lining the outside of the uterus is most likely classified as what type of membrane? true - Answers True or false: Positive feedback amplifies the initial stimulus and helps bring a process to completion true - Answers True or false: Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis true - Answers True or false: A regulated variable must have a sensor false - Answers True or false: Every variable in our bodies is under homeostatic control nervous system - Answers Communication system using nerves. Faster, short lived endocrine system - Answers Communication system using hormones in the bloodstream. Slower, longer lasting endocrine - Answers Chemical signal that consists of hormones in the blood acting on distant cells (different cell type) paracrine - Answers Chemical signal that consists of a chemical traveling through the ECF to a near cell (different cell type) autocrine - Answers Chemical signal that consists of a chemical traveling through the ECF to the same cell or near cells (same cell or cell type) in solution - Answers How are water soluble hormones transported? bound to blood carrier protein - Answers How are lipid soluble hormones transported? target cells - Answers Cells that contain specific receptors for a certain hormone (the only cells that a hormone can affect) cell membrane, cytosol, nucleus - Answers Three locations of hormone receptors cell membrane - Answers Where are the receptors for hydrophilic hormones located? second messenger system - Answers Water soluble hormones act via a _____________ mechanism intracellular receptor - Answers lipid soluble hormones act via a _______________ mechanism AC, cAMP, PKA - Answers Gs activates __________, increasing prodction of ____________, which activates _____________ phospholipase C, PIP2, DAG, IP3, PKC, calcium - Answers Gq activates ____________, which cleaves _________ into _______ and ________, activating _________ and releasing _________ translation, protein synthesis - Answers Lipid soluble hormones use a intracellular receptor mechanism to ultimately alter: water soluble - Answers Are water soluble or lipid soluble hormones faster acting? cytoplasm, nucleus - Answers Where are the receptors for steroid hormones located? peptide, tyrosine derivatives, steroid - Answers Three chemical classifications of hormones anterior pituitary, posterior pituitary, parathyroid glands, thyroid gland C cells, pancreas - Answers Endocrine glands that secrete peptide hormones adrenal cortex, gonads - Answers Endocrine glands that produce steroid hormones thyroid gland follicles, adrenal medulla - Answers Endocrine glands that secrete tyrosine derivatives FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, GH - Answers Anterior pituitary hormone(s) oxytocin, ADH - Answers Posterior pituitary hormone(s) PTH - Answers What does the parathyroid gland secrete? calcitonin - Answers Thyroid gland C cells hormone(s) glucagon, insulin - Answers Pancreas hormone(s) cortisol, aldosterone - Answers Adrenal cortex hormone(s) estrogen, progesterone, testosterone - Answers Gonadal hormones T3, T4 - Answers Thyroid gland follicle hormones norepinephrine, epinephrine - Answers Adrenal medulla hormones peptide - Answers ALL __________ hormones are water soluble. steroid - Answers ALL _______ hormones are lipid soluble lipid - Answers Thyroid gland follicle hormones are _________ soluble water - Answers Adrenal medulla hormones are _______ soluble humoral, neural, hormonal - Answers Three types of endocrine gland stimuli hypophysis - Answers Medical term for pituitary hypothalamus, infundibulum - Answers The pituitary is two lobes connected to the ______________ by a stalk called the ________________ posterior - Answers The _________ pituitary originates from neural tissue (down growth of hypothalamic tissue) and has neural connections to the hypothalamus. Stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus. anterior - Answers The ________ pituitary originates from tissue from the oral cavity, and has vascular connections to the hypothalamus. Hormones made in the hypothalamus stimulate secretion of hormones from this part of the pituitary. portal system - Answers 2 capillary beds connected by a blood vessel arteriole, capillary bed 1, portal vessel, capillary bed 2, venule - Answers Order of components of a portal system hypophyseal portal system - Answers Vascular connection between hypothalamus/anterior pituitary that ensures that hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary without being diluted. internal carotid artery, superior hypophyseal artery, primary capillary plexus, hypophyseal portal veins, secondary capillary plexus, systemic circulation - Answers Order of components of the hypophyseal portal system hypothalamus, anterior pituitary - Answers Hormones released from an endocrine gland due to anterior pituitary stimulation go back and inhibit the ______ and ________ in this multi-level negative feedback loop. no (stores and releases) - Answers Does the posterior pituitary produce hormones? supraoptic nucleus - Answers What part of the hypothalamus produces ADH? paraventricular nucleus - Answers What part of the hypothalamus produces oxytocin? oxytocin - Answers This posterior pituitary hormone is stimulated by suckling. It is involved in the "milk let-down reflex" and the imitation of uterine contractions in response to cervix stretching (both positive feedback loops). If you are not breastfeeding or in labor, it is considered the "cuddle hormone" and impacts social bonding. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Answers This posterior pituitary hormone increases water reabsorption, increasing blood volume and pressure. This reabsorption of water prevents water loss to urination. yes (sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and effected by kidneys (ADH is chemical signal)) - Answers Is blood osmolality a regulated variable? ADH - Answers A patient presents with increased urine output, intense thirst, and low blood pressure. These symptoms indicate deficiency in which hormone? hypothalamus, posterior pituitary - Answers ADH deficiency could be caused by damage to: diabetes insipidus - Answers Damage to hypothalamus and/or posterior pituitary that results in excessive urination. This term translates to "tasteless outflow". diabetes mellitus - Answers High levels of blood glucose (due to insulin deficiency or resistance). This term refers to "honey outflow", due to excess glucose in the urine. increase cartilage formation, skeletal growth, protein synthesis, cell growth, proliferation - Answers Indirect effects of growth hormone increase fat breakdown, fat release, blood glucose - Answers Direct effects of growth hormone "anti-insulin" insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) - Answers Inhibit growth hormone and GHRH, activate GHIH. Mediate the effects of growth hormone on the skeletal system, protein synthesis, and cell growth/proliferation. giantism - Answers Hypersecretion of growth hormone before puberty acromegaly - Answers Hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty pituitary dwarfism - Answers Hyposecretion of growth hormone prolactin - Answers Anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the production of milk. dopamine (PIH), suckling, estrogen - Answers Prolactin is normally inhibited by _____________.