MCB 461 All Quizzes || 100% Accurate Solutions.
Although inhaling flower pollen may elicit a set of immune-like physiological responses (allergic
reaction), pollen does NOT fit our definition of a pathogen because it does NOT
A. contain genetic material
B. consist of cellular components
C. try to colonize our body
D. fit the definition of a living thing correct answers C. try to colonize our body
Commensal microbiota are best thought of as a
A. strict subset of bacteria, but not other micro-organism types
B. group of different microbes that are considered highly pathogenic
C. widely varied ecosystem of microbes that inhabit our healthy body
D. comparatively small fraction of body cells outnumbered by human cells correct answers C.
widely varied ecosystem of microbes that inhabit our healthy body
Which statement is generally true about "good" vs "bad" commensal bacteria strains?
A. Only "good" bacteria can thrive in the body environment, "bad" cannot
B. Many "good" bacteria keep "bad" bacteria levels down in the gut
C. Antibiotics can transform "good" bacteria into "bad" strains
D. Antibiotics only target "bad" strains of bacteria, leaving "good" untouched correct answers B.
Many "good" bacteria keep "bad" bacteria levels down in the gut
Our daily bodily exposure to pathogens routinely involves
A. a few dozen breathed-in bacteria, fungi and viral particles
B. hundreds of thousands of microbes on our skin and entering body cavities
C. ingestion of many different chemicals that are potentially harmful
D. only circumstances where our thick outer skin is damaged to let microbes in correct answers
B. hundreds of thousands of microbes on our skin and entering body cavities
Which of the following is technically considered inside your body?
A. A sandwich you just ate moving through your GI tract
B. Urine flowing from your kidneys to your bladder
C. The air that fills your lungs after a deep breath
D. E.coli that has moved from the intestinal lumen into a surrounding blood vessel correct
answers D. E.coli that has moved from the intestinal lumen into a surrounding blood vessel
A thorn from a rose poked your finger, drawing a drop of blood. Subsequent infection takes
place:
A. If you do not do a good job washing the injury with soap and warm water
B. If your immune system is too weak to prevent pathogen entry
C. Over the course of hours before the wound can heal
D. Immediately by any microbes that were present on the thorn correct answers D. Immediately
by any microbes that were present on the thorn
Innate and adaptive immune responses can be thought of as combining
,A. Quick versus slower actions taken by our immune system
B. General versus specific attacks on pathogens
C. Genetically pre-programmed knowledge versus uniquely developed novel skills
D. All of the above correct answers D. All of the above
Which of the following processes is NOT part of innate immune response?
A. Phagocytosis of pathogens
B. Recruitment of macrophages
C. Cytokine signaling
D. Clonal selection of antibodies correct answers D. Clonal selection of antibodies
The process of macrophages ingesting bacteria
A. Stops once the adaptive immune response is initiated
B. Is inhibited by cytokine signaling
C. Becomes more efficient through pathogen opsonization
D. Allows macrophages to "teach" complement proteins the identity of the pathogen correct
answers C. Becomes more efficient through pathogen opsonization
The complement system can best be described as
A. A system of soluble proteins that assists cell-based immunity
B. The main pathway that leads to T-cell activation
C. An indirect way of attacking pathogens
D. The most pathogen-specific way of recognizing a new invader correct answers A. A system of
soluble proteins that assists cell-based immunity
What feature must a biological entity have to fit the definition of a "pathogen"?
A. Be a living organism
B. Consist of a single cell
C. Contain a genome
D. Be transmittable through blood or tissue correct answers C. Contain a genome
At what point following exposure to a pathogen do we say the human body is experiencing an
"infection"?
A. The entry of a pathogen into human tissues
B. Pathogens outrunning the innate immune system
C. The presence of pathogen anywhere on the skin or mucosal linings
D. Presence of inflammation brought by the innate immune response correct answers A. The
entry of a pathogen into human tissues
Why is the innate immune system called "innate"?
A. It is unique to human beings
B. Its components are identical in all life forms on Earth
C. Its components are only proteins, not cells
D. Its full range of pathogen detection is encoded by our genes correct answers D. Its full range
of pathogen detection is encoded by our genes
, In an individual with a compromised innate immune system, bacterial infections would likely
A. be halted quickly by the adaptive immune system activating sooner
B. slowly progress because tissues would not react as strongly
C. run a normal course because the adaptive immunity is still intact
D. escalate very quickly leading to frequent illnesses correct answers D. escalate very quickly
leading to frequent illnesses
What is one relationship between phagocytosis and cytokine signaling?
A. Macrophages must receive cytokine signals to begin phagocytosing pathogen
B. Following phagocytosis of pathogen, a macrophage releases cytokines
C. Macrophages secrete cytokines to attract pathogens for phagocytosis
D. Phagocytosis results in the physical breakdown of pathogens into pieces called cytokines.
correct answers B. Following phagocytosis of pathogen, a macrophage releases cytokines
Which is NOT a function of complement proteins directed at bacteria?
A. Coating bacteria to make it easier to detect
B. Lysing the wall of a bacteria
C. Distinguishing between different species of bacteria
D. Facilitating phagocytosis of bacteria by immune effector cells correct answers C.
Distinguishing between different species of bacteria
What is opsonization?
A. The phenomenon of several cells sticking together in a clump
B. Internalizing pathogens into lysosomal vesicles for digestion
C. Small molecules attaching and covering the surface of a target
D. The process of water activating a complement protein molecule correct answers C. Small
molecules attaching and covering the surface of a target
What factor contributes the most to fixation of activated C3b molecules to the surface of bacteria
instead of floating elsewhere?
A. Activation of the original C3 molecule preferentially happens close to the surface
B. The thioester bond of C3b will only bind to bacterial cell walls
C. Macrophages release C3b directly onto bacteria
D. The interior of bacteria is mostly water, which attracts the thioester bond of C3b correct
answers A. Activation of the original C3 molecule preferentially happens close to the surface
What determines if activated C3 ends up opsonizing the bacteria or starting the MAC pathway to
lyse the bacteria?
A. Whether the C3 is originally activated by water versus C5
B. Whether C3b ends up fixed to the surface or remains bound to C3bBb
C. The relative size of the bacteria determines opsonization versus lysing
D. The presence of CD59 stimulates MAC formation correct answers B. Whether C3b ends up
fixed to the surface or remains bound to C3bBb
Why are defensins primarily secreted outside of the body such as in tears, sweat, and mucus?
A. Defensins require exposure to surrounding air for activation
Although inhaling flower pollen may elicit a set of immune-like physiological responses (allergic
reaction), pollen does NOT fit our definition of a pathogen because it does NOT
A. contain genetic material
B. consist of cellular components
C. try to colonize our body
D. fit the definition of a living thing correct answers C. try to colonize our body
Commensal microbiota are best thought of as a
A. strict subset of bacteria, but not other micro-organism types
B. group of different microbes that are considered highly pathogenic
C. widely varied ecosystem of microbes that inhabit our healthy body
D. comparatively small fraction of body cells outnumbered by human cells correct answers C.
widely varied ecosystem of microbes that inhabit our healthy body
Which statement is generally true about "good" vs "bad" commensal bacteria strains?
A. Only "good" bacteria can thrive in the body environment, "bad" cannot
B. Many "good" bacteria keep "bad" bacteria levels down in the gut
C. Antibiotics can transform "good" bacteria into "bad" strains
D. Antibiotics only target "bad" strains of bacteria, leaving "good" untouched correct answers B.
Many "good" bacteria keep "bad" bacteria levels down in the gut
Our daily bodily exposure to pathogens routinely involves
A. a few dozen breathed-in bacteria, fungi and viral particles
B. hundreds of thousands of microbes on our skin and entering body cavities
C. ingestion of many different chemicals that are potentially harmful
D. only circumstances where our thick outer skin is damaged to let microbes in correct answers
B. hundreds of thousands of microbes on our skin and entering body cavities
Which of the following is technically considered inside your body?
A. A sandwich you just ate moving through your GI tract
B. Urine flowing from your kidneys to your bladder
C. The air that fills your lungs after a deep breath
D. E.coli that has moved from the intestinal lumen into a surrounding blood vessel correct
answers D. E.coli that has moved from the intestinal lumen into a surrounding blood vessel
A thorn from a rose poked your finger, drawing a drop of blood. Subsequent infection takes
place:
A. If you do not do a good job washing the injury with soap and warm water
B. If your immune system is too weak to prevent pathogen entry
C. Over the course of hours before the wound can heal
D. Immediately by any microbes that were present on the thorn correct answers D. Immediately
by any microbes that were present on the thorn
Innate and adaptive immune responses can be thought of as combining
,A. Quick versus slower actions taken by our immune system
B. General versus specific attacks on pathogens
C. Genetically pre-programmed knowledge versus uniquely developed novel skills
D. All of the above correct answers D. All of the above
Which of the following processes is NOT part of innate immune response?
A. Phagocytosis of pathogens
B. Recruitment of macrophages
C. Cytokine signaling
D. Clonal selection of antibodies correct answers D. Clonal selection of antibodies
The process of macrophages ingesting bacteria
A. Stops once the adaptive immune response is initiated
B. Is inhibited by cytokine signaling
C. Becomes more efficient through pathogen opsonization
D. Allows macrophages to "teach" complement proteins the identity of the pathogen correct
answers C. Becomes more efficient through pathogen opsonization
The complement system can best be described as
A. A system of soluble proteins that assists cell-based immunity
B. The main pathway that leads to T-cell activation
C. An indirect way of attacking pathogens
D. The most pathogen-specific way of recognizing a new invader correct answers A. A system of
soluble proteins that assists cell-based immunity
What feature must a biological entity have to fit the definition of a "pathogen"?
A. Be a living organism
B. Consist of a single cell
C. Contain a genome
D. Be transmittable through blood or tissue correct answers C. Contain a genome
At what point following exposure to a pathogen do we say the human body is experiencing an
"infection"?
A. The entry of a pathogen into human tissues
B. Pathogens outrunning the innate immune system
C. The presence of pathogen anywhere on the skin or mucosal linings
D. Presence of inflammation brought by the innate immune response correct answers A. The
entry of a pathogen into human tissues
Why is the innate immune system called "innate"?
A. It is unique to human beings
B. Its components are identical in all life forms on Earth
C. Its components are only proteins, not cells
D. Its full range of pathogen detection is encoded by our genes correct answers D. Its full range
of pathogen detection is encoded by our genes
, In an individual with a compromised innate immune system, bacterial infections would likely
A. be halted quickly by the adaptive immune system activating sooner
B. slowly progress because tissues would not react as strongly
C. run a normal course because the adaptive immunity is still intact
D. escalate very quickly leading to frequent illnesses correct answers D. escalate very quickly
leading to frequent illnesses
What is one relationship between phagocytosis and cytokine signaling?
A. Macrophages must receive cytokine signals to begin phagocytosing pathogen
B. Following phagocytosis of pathogen, a macrophage releases cytokines
C. Macrophages secrete cytokines to attract pathogens for phagocytosis
D. Phagocytosis results in the physical breakdown of pathogens into pieces called cytokines.
correct answers B. Following phagocytosis of pathogen, a macrophage releases cytokines
Which is NOT a function of complement proteins directed at bacteria?
A. Coating bacteria to make it easier to detect
B. Lysing the wall of a bacteria
C. Distinguishing between different species of bacteria
D. Facilitating phagocytosis of bacteria by immune effector cells correct answers C.
Distinguishing between different species of bacteria
What is opsonization?
A. The phenomenon of several cells sticking together in a clump
B. Internalizing pathogens into lysosomal vesicles for digestion
C. Small molecules attaching and covering the surface of a target
D. The process of water activating a complement protein molecule correct answers C. Small
molecules attaching and covering the surface of a target
What factor contributes the most to fixation of activated C3b molecules to the surface of bacteria
instead of floating elsewhere?
A. Activation of the original C3 molecule preferentially happens close to the surface
B. The thioester bond of C3b will only bind to bacterial cell walls
C. Macrophages release C3b directly onto bacteria
D. The interior of bacteria is mostly water, which attracts the thioester bond of C3b correct
answers A. Activation of the original C3 molecule preferentially happens close to the surface
What determines if activated C3 ends up opsonizing the bacteria or starting the MAC pathway to
lyse the bacteria?
A. Whether the C3 is originally activated by water versus C5
B. Whether C3b ends up fixed to the surface or remains bound to C3bBb
C. The relative size of the bacteria determines opsonization versus lysing
D. The presence of CD59 stimulates MAC formation correct answers B. Whether C3b ends up
fixed to the surface or remains bound to C3bBb
Why are defensins primarily secreted outside of the body such as in tears, sweat, and mucus?
A. Defensins require exposure to surrounding air for activation
