Purdue Bio 110 exam 1 complete questions with correct detailed answers.

Deduction - correct answers general principles predict specific results Ex: All humans are mortal, john is a human john is mortal Induction - correct answers specific observations lead to general principles Ex: All the bees we've seen are black/yellow, so all bees must be black/yellow Scientific method - correct answers Heavily based on deductive reasoning and we come up with hypotheses Hypothesis: - correct answers tentative explanation for observed phenomena - observation necessary - Explicit predictions - Testable - Falsifiable Scientific method: - correct answers 1. Speculate a question 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Make a prediction 4. Design and conduct an experiment 5. Use statistical tests to evaluate the significance of your results 6. Adjust accordingly Correlation - correct answers relationship between two things Causation - correct answers factor producing an effect Properties of water: - correct answers - Polar - Can not get as close together as other molecules (ice floats) - Adhesion: one molecule is sticky with another type - Cohesion: same molecules attracted to each other - Surface tension: keeps water together Adhesion - correct answers one molecule is sticky with another type Cohesion - correct answers same molecules attracted to each other Surface tension - correct answers keeps water together Hydrophilic - correct answers something water can interact with (ex: NaCl) Hydrophobic - correct answers water resisting (ex: lipids) Acids - correct answers increase h+ Bases - correct answers decreases h+ pH - correct answers measure of acidity. pH scale - correct answers logarithmic, smaller=more acidic, larger=more basic (alkaline), 7 is neutral Most living things do best with other things that are basic, unless you're an enzyme and prefer to be very basic. Acids and bases can harm the environment - correct answers - Ocean acidification - Coral reef bleaching - Acid rain Carbon - correct answers - basis of life - "Organic molecule" - Forms chains - Hydrocarbons are hydrophobic and have lots of - energy Macromolecules - correct answers large molecules * Typically also a polymer, a bunch of monomers Dehydration synthesis - correct answers monomers are joined by the removal of oh from one monomer and ah from another at the site of bond formation Hydrolysis - correct answers monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule, adding oh to one monomer and h to the other Proteins: - correct answers Primary Secondary Tertiary (can include the first two) Quaternary (two or more proteins, includes first three) Protein monomers: - correct answers Basic structure: - Amino acids - Carboxylic acid group - H - R side-chain R-group properties: - correct answers Whatever's in the r distinguished which amino acid it is. It is the variable that controls how the amino acid behaves. R side-chains - correct answers O or oh - polar CH2, CH3, C-ring - nonpolar *basically, all amino acids are the same with the exception of the R chain. Carbohydrates: - correct answers Monomer: monosaccharides Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides Polymer: polysaccharides Glycosidic linkage: links monomers, is covalent Two main functions: - correct answers Energy storage (starch, glycogen) Structure (cellulose, chitin) Monosaccharides are typically multiples of CH2O - correct answers Glucose (C6H12O6): most common Glycogen: storage form for animals Starch: storage form for plants Nucleic Acids - correct answers Monomer: nucleotide Polymer: polynucleotide Phosphodiester linkage: joins monomers, is covalent Primary function: information storage - Nitrogenous base - Adenine (a), thymine (t, only in DNA0, uracil (U, only in RNA) - 5-C sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) - 1-3 phosphate group Two families of nitrogenous bases: - correct answers Purines: two c-rings (adenine and guanine) Pyrimidines: one c-ring (thymine/uracil and cytosine) Purines bond with pyridines - correct answers A-t or a-u C-g (Base pairing rule ) DNA: - correct answers contains adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine RNA: - correct answers contains adenine, uracil, cytosine and guanine Saturated fats: - correct answers No kinks "Saturated" with H Clump together Solid at room temp. Most animal fats Unsaturated - correct answers Have kninks Some H replaced Can't clump together Liquid at room temp (minus avocado) Most plant fats and fish oils Trans-Fats - correct answers H added artificially Goal: replace saturated fats Many people can't tolerate them well Common names: hydrogenated vegetable oil, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, trans-fatty acids Used to say "no saturated fats" Phospholipids - correct answers Two fatty acid tails Glycerol