COM 140 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS WITH EXPLANATIONS OF ANSWERS.

communication - correct answers a systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings linear model - correct answers Harold Laswell one way process in which one person acts on another persona "Transmission Model" straightforward from sender to receiver concept of noise - correct answers Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver added this to the linear model Interactive Model - correct answers added feedback doesn't fully capture human communication still Wilbur Schramm - correct answers communicators create and interpret messages within personal fields of experience - the more communicator's fields overlap, the more they understand each other Transactional Model - correct answers people communicate simultaneously portray's each person's field of experience and his or her shared fields of experience changing over time more personal weakness: no medium? Aristotle - correct answers played a key role in developing the first theories of rhetoric three pillars of persuasion ethos - correct answers credibility pathos - correct answers emotions logos - correct answers logic and reasoning quantitative research - correct answers gather information in numerical form qualitative research - correct answers provides nonnumeric knowledge about communication valuable when researchers want to study aspects of communication that cannot be easily quantified, such as the meaning of experience, the function of rituals in organizational life, and how we feel about online communication critical research - correct answers scholars identify and challenge communication practices that oppress, marginalize, or otherwise harm individuals and social groups perceives specific communication practices as means of reflecting, upholding, and sometimes challenging cultural ideology triangulation Triangulation - correct answers studying phenomena in multiple ways relies on multiple sources of data researcher triangulation - correct answers when two or more researchers gather and analyze data so that the data are interpreted through multiple perspectives methodological triangulation - correct answers involves using two or more methodologies to study a phenomena rhetorical criticism - correct answers the process of examining a text to see how it works communicatively aims to understand how particular texts work descriptive statistics - correct answers quantitative method that measure human behavior in terms of quantity, frequency, or amount quantitative methods - correct answers descriptive statistics surveys, instruments, questionnaires, or interviews that measure how people think, feel, act, and so forth experiments using variables qualitative methods - correct answers textual analysis ethnography historical research textual analysis - correct answers the interpretation of symbolic activities (how couples manage conflict or how attorneys interrogate witnesses) ethnography - correct answers researchers try to discover what symbolic activities mean by immersing themselves in naturally occurring activities and natural contexts that have not been manipulated by researchers by spending time in these contexts, researchers are able to gain insight into the perspectives of those who are native to the context historical research - correct answers examines past events, people, and activities learn about the contexts in which ancient thinkers developed their ideas intrapersonal communication - correct answers communication within ourselves helps us rehearse alternative scenarios and their possible outcomes interpersonal communication - correct answers communication between people studies how communication creates and sustains relationships and how partners communicate to deal with the normal and extraordinary challenges of maintaining intimacy group communication - correct answers research in this area focuses on leadership, member roles, group dynamics, agendas for achieving group goals, and managing conflict focuses on how members of a group coordinate their resources public communication - correct answers public speaking, argumentation, and political communication organizational communication - correct answers communication skills that enhance professional success and traced the effects of various kinds of communication on morale, productivity, and commitment to organizations relationships between coworkers mass media - correct answers represent and influence cultural values sometimes reinforce cultural stereotypes about race and ethnicity computer-mediated communication - correct answers how newer technologies and the accompanying acceleration of the pace of interaction influence how we think and work and how we form, sustain, and end relationships intercultural communication - correct answers increases our insight into different cultures' communication styles and meanings one focus is different social communities within a single society study whiteness perception - correct answers the active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities selection - correct answers defining what is important we notice things that stand out (external phenomena) needs, interests, and motives organization - correct answers we don't perceive randomly, instead we organize our perceptions in meaningful ways constructivism - correct answers a theory that states that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata interpretation - correct answers the subjective process of creating explanation for what we observe and experience attributions self-serving bias prototypes - correct answers knowledge structures that define the clearest of ideal examples of some category useful because they allow us to group people, events, and situations into broad categories "the most representative example of a category" personal constructs - correct answers "a mental yardstick that allows us to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgement" intelligent/not intelligent, pretty/not pretty context influences which are prominent in our assessment of others stereotype - correct answers a predictive generalization about a person or situation scripts - correct answers a sequence of activities that spells out how we and others are expected to act in a specific situation attributions - correct answers the act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way Four Dimensions (internal-external, stability, specificity, control) internal-external - correct answers the attribution for a person's behavior to internal factors stability - correct answers the explanations of actions as the result of stable, enduring factors that won't change over time