Communications Exam Chapter 1-5 questions with verified correct answers complete solutions.

What are the elements of communication? - correct answers sender, message, receiver, feedback What does the linear communication model consists of? - correct answers sender, receiver, message Encoder - correct answers that which formulates thoughts into symbols Decoder - correct answers that which interprets the symbol into meaningful ideas What are the four elements of noise? - correct answers physical, physiological, psychological, semantic Shannon-Weaver Communication Model - correct answers - sender/source - message - channel - receiver - feedback - noise/static! Interactional communication process - correct answers Includes feedback: a message from the receiver to the sender "reverse communication" What are the reasons why we communicate? - correct answers 1. Physical Needs - Socially connected people with strong networks of family and friends lived an average of 3.7 years longer than those socially isolated - Lack of social relationships jeopardizes coronary health to a degree - Socially isolated people are 4 times more susceptible to common cold than those who have active social networks - Divorced, separated and widowed are five-ten times more likely to need mental hospitalization. 2. Identity Needs - We learn who we are through communication 3. Social Needs - Social needs we satisfied by communicating: pleasure, affection, companionship, escape, relaxation and control - Positive relationships may be the most single most important source of enjoyment in life. 4. Practical Needs/Goals -Instrumental goals: getting others to behave in ways we want -Example: career success Intrapersonal Communication - correct answers Self talk; communication within oneself Interpersonal Communication - correct answers Sharing of ideas between two people Small Group Communication - correct answers communication occurring within small groups of 3-12 people Axiom - correct answers a universally recognized principle List the communication axioms/principles - correct answers 1. Communication is a transactional process 2. Communication can be unintentional 3. Communication is inevitable 4. Communication is irreversible 5. Communication is unrepeatable 6. Communication has content and a relational dimension Transactional Process - correct answers a concurrent exchange of ideas and feelings, where people send and receive messages simultaneously; done with someone having a different but overlapping environment Communication can be Unintentional - correct answers example: if you are overheard complaining to yourself about your boss (some scholars disagree) Communication is Inevitable - correct answers "one cannot not communicate"; all communication reveals information, whether you are aware of it or not; lack of response is a response - all behavior has communicative value, largely non-verbal in nature Communication is Irreversible - correct answers A word cannot be unsaid; one can accept another's apology, but one cannot erase a message from ones memory Give some examples of Irreversible Communication: - correct answers I love you I am gay You're a loser I am an alcoholic Communication is Unrepeatable - correct answers You cannot step into the same river twice; it is impossible to recreate a communication event Communication has a Content and Relational Dimension - correct answers Content: emphasis on the information conveyed, the subject being discussed Relationship: emphasis on the relationship between two individuals Relational messages can be: - correct answers Verbal (meta-communication) and Non-Verbal Meta-Communication (IMPORTANT) - correct answers An act of communication between two agents that also communicates something about the communication itself, or about the relationship between the two agents. Verbal or non-verbal aspect of the relationship; Non-verbal (body language, tone of voice, vocal emphasis List the communication myths: - correct answers 1. Meanings are in words? - No, meanings are in people. We are the deciders of what the meaning of what that word means. Saying something is not the same thing as communicating it. Sometimes people interpret what was said in a way that was not intended. 2. More communication is better - No - it's quality not quantity. There is a time for talk and there is a time for silence. 3. Communication solves all problems - No, communication is not a magic wand that solves all problems. Think of communication as an essential tool in your problem-solving 4. Communications are predictable - No - communication does not exist in a vacuum, but rather within a complex context of factors. No single person or event causes another's reaction. 5. Successful communication always involved shared understanding - No - being deliberately vague can spare hurt towards one another Satisfying relationships depend in part on less-than perfect understanding Biting your tongue 6. People are born good communicators - No -anyone is capable of becoming more effective communicator What is self-concept? - correct answers A relatively stable set of perceptions you hold about yourself; does not exist at birth, develops through social interaction Personality Traits - correct answers - traits are a matter of degree in a spectrum, not 100% either/or - one can learn skills in controlling and improving communication behavior - the self-concept "self-interpretations" helps determine how you feel about the way you relate to others What are the components of self-concept? - correct answers 1. Interactions with individuals (reflected appraisal; looking glass self) 2. Associations with groups (social comparison) 3. Interpretations and evaluations of the self - direct impact on self-esteem Characteristics of self-concept - correct answers - Subjective - Flexible up to a point - Resist change Subjective characteristic: - correct answers sometimes at odds with other's perceptions; sometimes unrealistically favorable or critical, distorted Flexible to a point characteristic: - correct answers the image of who we are changes as we develop and change; Freud theorized that our personality is developed by age 5; Eric Erikson theorized that personality is shaped throughout one's life as shown in eight stages of development Resist change characteristic: - correct answers - we seek out those who confirm our self-concept - only powerful forces change sc Cognitive conservatisim - correct answers Keep the original self-concept and refute the new information often defensively What influences self-concept? - correct answers Culture, sex and gender Culture - correct answers a learned system of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values and norms shared by a group of people Individualism - correct answers emphasis on "self" above other; viewed as independent Value independence and self-reliance Value critical thinking Value individual achievement Defines family as a nuclear family; not extended Derive shame/guilt due to individual failure Place greater stress on individual property rights Value independent living in old age Place more value on self-determination and individual choice Place greater value on competition with others More likely to share more information See relationships as more voluntary Collectivism - correct answers emphasis on "other" above "self"; viewed as inherently interdependent with the group to which they belong Value interdependence Value group achievement Defines family to include extended family members Derive shame/guild by failing the group Are more likely to share with strangers Are more likely to be cared for by one's children in old age Place value on elders/family in decision-making Feel a greater sense of obligations to the group Are more keenly aware of and share information with outsiders See relationships as more permanent Sex and Gender - correct answers defined by society as masculine, feminine, androgynous or