3315 PATHO TROY UNIVERSITY EXAM
1 TEST QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026 UPDATED.
The Cell - Answer
Pathophysiology - Answer study of the functional and structural changes in the body that
causes or are caused by disease.
What is disease? - Answer An interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of a body
organ or system that is characterized usually by a recognized etiologic agent, identifiable signs
and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.
Dis- ease= discomfort
Symptoms= - Answer subjective
EX: pain
Signs= - Answer objective
(can be measured)
EX: fever
Disease Process - Answer 1. Etiology (cause)
2. Pathognomonic changes (cellular/ tissue level)
3. clinical manifestations (signs/ symptoms)
4. Diagnosis (labeling the problem)
5. Clinical course (acute, subacute, chronic)
3 Cell components - Answer 1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell Membrane
Nucleus - Answer - center of the cell and contains a nucleolus and chromatin
-control center of the cell or " mastermind"
-DNA/ RNA synthesis
,= DNA= genetic code
Cytoplasm - Answer -surrounds the nucleus
-performs the cell work
-Contains H20, electrolytes, fats, and glycogen molecules
-ORGANELLES:
>ribosomes (produce protein)
>Endoplasmic reticulum
>Golgi apparatus (transport protein; produce carbs)
>lysosomes/peroxisomes
>Mitochondria >cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane - Answer -plasma membrane
-semi-permeable
-seperates extracellular and intracellular environment
-contains lipids and proteins
cell membrane - Answer ___________________ provides receptors for hormones,
participates in electrical events that occur in nerve and muscle cells, regulates cell growth.
metabolism - Answer process that breaks down fats, carbs, and proteins from the foods we
eat and converts them into energy.
ATP - Answer the special carrier for energy in the body
1. Anaerobic
2. Aerobic - Answer Name the two types of metabolism
Anaerobic metabolism - Answer - without oxygen
- in the cytoplasm
-Glycolysis
Aerobic metabolism - Answer - with oxygen
-in the mitochondria
-Kreb's Cycle
, cell transport - Answer _____________ must have constant movement across the
membrane.
Diffusion - Answer high to low; disbursement
osmosis - Answer low to high; water follows salt
facilitated diffussion - Answer EX: coffee / liquid creamer
pour in and walk away, it will eventually disperse.
Glycolysis - Answer break down glucose to form ATP
1. Glucose is broken down > converted to pyruvic acid > pyruvic acid combines with hydrogen >
lactic acid
2. conversion to lactic acid provides energy for glycolysis to continue and supply ATP to cells
when O2 is not available - Answer Process of glycolysis to form ATP (Anaerobic metabolism)
active movement vs passive movement - Answer
Aerobic Metabolism - Answer - citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)
- foods we eat are broken down
-hydrogen and carbon molecules combine with O2
- YIELD = CO2 and H2O = ATP
active movement
Sodium potassium pump - Answer *potassium out makes electric impulses to pump
*pumping sodium out relaxes
cell membrane potentials - Answer -some used to transmit signals along nerve and muscle
membranes
-some used to signal the release of hormones or activate other functions
body tissues - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Name epithelial tissues - Answer simple=blood vessels
1 TEST QUESTIONS AND ALL
CORRECT ANSWERS 2026 UPDATED.
The Cell - Answer
Pathophysiology - Answer study of the functional and structural changes in the body that
causes or are caused by disease.
What is disease? - Answer An interruption, cessation, or disorder in the function of a body
organ or system that is characterized usually by a recognized etiologic agent, identifiable signs
and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.
Dis- ease= discomfort
Symptoms= - Answer subjective
EX: pain
Signs= - Answer objective
(can be measured)
EX: fever
Disease Process - Answer 1. Etiology (cause)
2. Pathognomonic changes (cellular/ tissue level)
3. clinical manifestations (signs/ symptoms)
4. Diagnosis (labeling the problem)
5. Clinical course (acute, subacute, chronic)
3 Cell components - Answer 1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cell Membrane
Nucleus - Answer - center of the cell and contains a nucleolus and chromatin
-control center of the cell or " mastermind"
-DNA/ RNA synthesis
,= DNA= genetic code
Cytoplasm - Answer -surrounds the nucleus
-performs the cell work
-Contains H20, electrolytes, fats, and glycogen molecules
-ORGANELLES:
>ribosomes (produce protein)
>Endoplasmic reticulum
>Golgi apparatus (transport protein; produce carbs)
>lysosomes/peroxisomes
>Mitochondria >cytoskeleton
Cell Membrane - Answer -plasma membrane
-semi-permeable
-seperates extracellular and intracellular environment
-contains lipids and proteins
cell membrane - Answer ___________________ provides receptors for hormones,
participates in electrical events that occur in nerve and muscle cells, regulates cell growth.
metabolism - Answer process that breaks down fats, carbs, and proteins from the foods we
eat and converts them into energy.
ATP - Answer the special carrier for energy in the body
1. Anaerobic
2. Aerobic - Answer Name the two types of metabolism
Anaerobic metabolism - Answer - without oxygen
- in the cytoplasm
-Glycolysis
Aerobic metabolism - Answer - with oxygen
-in the mitochondria
-Kreb's Cycle
, cell transport - Answer _____________ must have constant movement across the
membrane.
Diffusion - Answer high to low; disbursement
osmosis - Answer low to high; water follows salt
facilitated diffussion - Answer EX: coffee / liquid creamer
pour in and walk away, it will eventually disperse.
Glycolysis - Answer break down glucose to form ATP
1. Glucose is broken down > converted to pyruvic acid > pyruvic acid combines with hydrogen >
lactic acid
2. conversion to lactic acid provides energy for glycolysis to continue and supply ATP to cells
when O2 is not available - Answer Process of glycolysis to form ATP (Anaerobic metabolism)
active movement vs passive movement - Answer
Aerobic Metabolism - Answer - citric acid cycle (Kreb's cycle)
- foods we eat are broken down
-hydrogen and carbon molecules combine with O2
- YIELD = CO2 and H2O = ATP
active movement
Sodium potassium pump - Answer *potassium out makes electric impulses to pump
*pumping sodium out relaxes
cell membrane potentials - Answer -some used to transmit signals along nerve and muscle
membranes
-some used to signal the release of hormones or activate other functions
body tissues - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
Name epithelial tissues - Answer simple=blood vessels
