BIO 121 Lab 2 Exam(Labs 6-10) verified practice questions and 100% correct answers.

Type of test used to identify Carbohydrates - correct answers -Benedicts Solution -Copper ions gain electrons & change the solution from blue to yellow/orange due to the presence of reducing sugars Type of test used to identify Proteins - correct answers -Biurets solution -Peptide bonds react w/copper ions to turn the solution violet-pink Type of test used to Identify Starches - correct answers -Lugol's Iodine -Starch reacts w/iodine to turn a purplish-black Type of test used to Identify Lipids - correct answers -Sudan IV -Non-polar lipids attract the dye particles to turn the globules a brilliant red Monomers/polymers of Carbohydrates - correct answers -Monomers: Monosaccharides(glucose, fructose) -Polymers: Polysaccharides(glycogen, cellulose, starch) Monomers of Proteins - correct answers Amino acids Enzyme(s) that break down polymers into their monomer forms for Carbohydrates - correct answers -Amylase: Group of enzymes that breakdown Carbohydrates -Released by the Salivary glands in the mouth. Also produced by the pancreas & secreted into the small intestine Enzyme(s) that break down polymers into their monomer forms for Proteins - correct answers -Protease: Group of enzymes that breakdown Proteins -Pepsinogen: Released by cells of the stomach lining. Starts breakdown of proteins in the stomach Enzyme(s) that break down polymers into their monomer forms for Lipids - correct answers -Lipase: Group of enzymes that breakdown Lipids -Work together w/bile (produced by liver/stored in gallbladder). -Lipases are produced by pancreas & secreted into small intestine Know how to do Chi-square and interpret the results (know how to complete table, formulas are not important) - correct answers Know how to use the chart on page 142 in your lab manual to form a conclusion - correct answers Know how to calculate expected numbers from observed - correct answers Genotype - correct answers -Refers to the alleles that are present in an organism -Ex:Homozygous Dominant: AA (Dominant Characteristic), Heterozygous: Aa (Dominant Characteristic), Homozygous Recessive: aa (Recessive Characteristic) Phenotype - correct answers -Physical expression of the allelic composition for the trait under study -Ex:Having blue eyes or brown eyes Homozygous - correct answers An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait -Ex: AA or aa Heterozygous - correct answers -An organism that has two different alleles for a trait -Ex: Aa Dominant - correct answers An allele is expressed no matter what the second allele is Recessive - correct answers -An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present -Only expressed when the second allele is the same Know how to construct a monohybrid/dihybrid punnet square - correct answers Predictions of phenotypic ratios of offspring results of a monohybrid or a dihybrid cross, and given ratios of offspring, predict parental genotypes - correct answers Blood typing- phenotypes, interpret results with antisera, transfusions possibilities, heredity - correct answers Blood type A - correct answers -A proteins present on RBC -Genotypes: AA, OO -Reacts w/A in antisera -Donate: A & AB -Receive: A, O Blood type B - correct answers -B proteins present on RBC -Genotypes: BB, BO -Reacts w/B in antisera -Donate: B, AB -Receive: B, O Blood type AB - correct answers -AB proteins present on RBC -Genotypes: AB -Reacts w/A & B in antisera -Donate: AB -Receive: A, B, AB, & O Blood type O - correct answers -No proteins present on RBC -Genotypes: OO -Reacts w/neither A or B in antisera -Donate: A, B, AB, & O -Receive: O What is the charge of DNA? Therefore, DNA moves toward which charge? - correct answers Negative, positive What is the function of restriction enzymes? - correct answers Cut DNA at a specific sequence of nucleotides What is a palindrome sequence? - correct answers -123 --------321 -Like restriction sites They can form alternative structures w/ intrastrand base pairing -Sequences that are read the same forward as backward How does size of a DNA band effect how far it moves on the gel? - correct answers Agarose gel determines how far a band of DNA moves in electrophoresis. This matrix is made up agarose, a polysaccharide that when melted in a buffer solution, forms a complex matrix. As a result, smaller fragments travel farther across the chamber more easily before getting caught, while larger fragments will be caught more closer to the wells. What is the sugar used to make the gel? - correct answers Agarose What role do salt play in DNA extraction - correct answers -DNA is - charged -Charged molecules easily dissolve in water -Sodium ions (Na+) will combine w/DNA under proper conditions (alcohol) -Forms "DNA Salt" What role does alcohol play in DNA extraction? - correct answers -Alcohol is less dense than water & will float on top -DNA will rise to the top -Use a glass rod to draw DNA into the alcohol What role does soap play in DNA extraction? - correct answers -Dissolves membranes in your cells that contain your DNA -Cell membranes are made of lipids (fats) -Just like the fats that are removed by dishwashing liquid -When soap comes close to grease, their similar structures cause them to combine, forming a greasy soapy ball -When detergent comes close to the cell, it captures the lipids & proteins Why is sterile technique used in microbiology experiments? - correct answers -This prevents outside bacteria from entering the experiment -Keeps experiment & environment sterile in order to get the most accurate results -Ensures that materials being used in the experiment are not contaminated w/other cells What are some procedures that are part of sterile technique? - correct answers -Wash hands & work stations -Wear PPE -Examine materials for signs of contamination What is transformation? - correct answers -Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain of bacteria -Allows bacteria to pick up free DNA from the environment which may come from the chromosome of another bacterium or plasmid What is a plasmid? - correct answers Small circular piece of DNA What plasmid was used in this experiment & what did the genes it contain/code for & do? - correct answers -HB101 -Nonvirulent (harmless) What procedures do the cells require to undergo transformation? - correct answers Cells need to become competent. This happens by adding CaCl2 & heat shocking What does it mean if a bacterial cell is competent? What is done to make a bacterial cell competent? - correct answers -Competence is when the cell membrane has holes to allow the plasmid to enter the cell -Cell has the ability to take up a plasmid -Holes are created by CaCl2 -Heat shocking is then used to stress the bacteria out to encourage them to take up the plasmid from the environment -Heat shocking will trick the bacteria into thinking that their environment is becoming unstable. In response, the bacteria will take up plasmids from theirHvai environment hoping to obtain a gene that will result in an adaptation to survive in the changed environment What is a competent cell? - correct answers A bacterial cell that can take up DNA What is required for E.coli to grow? - correct answers LB -pGLO/LB - correct answers -Non virulent strand of -Did not get plasmid -Growth -Cannot glow because it does not have arabinose or GFP gene What is required for E.coli to glow? - correct answers -Arabinose sugar -GFP gene -pGLO LB/amp - correct answers -Normal E.coli that did not get plasmid -Contains ampicilan -Cannot grow or glow -Cannot glow because it does not have GFP or arabinose