BIO 121 Exam 1 Chapters 1-4 questions with 100% correct answers trusted solutions.

Environmental Science - correct answers The scientific study of how the natural world works, how our environment affects us, and how we affect our environment Natural Resources - correct answers the goods provided by the environment. Can be renewable or nonrenewable Ecosystem Services - correct answers natural systems provided by the environment Ecological Footprint - correct answers a quantitative measure of resource consumption based on the cumulative area of biologically productive land and water Two Big jumps in our population due to: - correct answers Agricultural Revolution and Industrial Revolution Environmentalism - correct answers a social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world from undesirable changes brought on by human actions. NOT THE SAME AS ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE What does science do? - correct answers science is a systematic process for learning about the world and testing our understanding of it Observational(Descriptive) Science - correct answers Gather basic information (typically direct observation) Hypothesis-Driven Science - correct answers based on basic information of patterns and processes and more targeted and structured Scientific Method - correct answers 1. Make an Observation 2. Ask a Question 3. Form a Hypothesis that answers the Question 4. Make a prediction based on the Hypothesis 5. Do an experiment to test the Hypothesis 6. Analyze results 7. Hypothesis is correct or incorrect 8. Report results and repeat if needed Environmental Ethics - correct answers application of ethical standards to relationships between people and nonhuman entities Anthropocentrism - correct answers human centered view Biocentrism - correct answers ascribes inherent value to certain living things Ecocentrism - correct answers judges actions in terms of their effects on whole ecological systems John Muir - correct answers Preservation Ethic: people should protect the natural environment in a pristine, unaltered state Gifford Pinchot - correct answers Conservation Ethic: people should put natural resources to use but that we have a responsibility to manage them wisely Aldo Leopold - correct answers wrote "The Land Ethic" argue people should view themselves and the land as members of the same community, therefor we must treat the land in an ethical manner Sustainability - correct answers living within our planet's means, such that the Earth can sustain all life, including us, for the future Lithosphere - correct answers rock and sediment Atmosphere - correct answers surrounding air Hydrosphere - correct answers all water (salt, fresh, brackish, liquid, ice, vapor, etc) Biosphere - correct answers encompasses Earth's biotic and the abiotic portions they interact with Negative Feedback - correct answers works to stabilize a system Positive Feedback - correct answers drive a system towards an extreme, generally destabilizing Matter - correct answers a material that has mass and occupies space as a solid, liquid, or gas Law of Conservation of Matter - correct answers Matter may be transformed from one type of substance to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed Important elements for living organisms (NUTRIENTS) - correct answers carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus Increase in Carbon in ocean leads to... - correct answers acidification which decreases calcium carbonate which prevents crustaceans from shell formation Energy - correct answers an intangible phenomenon that can change position, physical composition, or temperature of a matter light energy is transformed to chemical energy through - correct answers PHOTOSYNTHESIS cellular respiration - correct answers releases chemical energy Ecosystem - correct answers involve interactions between living and nonliving entities Primary Production - correct answers conversion of sunlight to chemical energy Gross Primary Production - correct answers total amount of energy produced by autotrophs Net Primary Production - correct answers energy that remains and is used to generate biomass GPP-Cell Respiration= - correct answers NPP Source - correct answers when a reservoir releases more materials than it accepts Sink - correct answers when a reservoir accepts more materials than it releases FLUX - correct answers the rate at which materials move between reservoirs Water Cycle - correct answers - affects all other cycles -transferred by evaporation, transpiration, and precipitation Carbon Cycle - correct answers -producers pull CO2 to produce sugars -consumption of organic molecules by consumers/decomposers releases CO2 Oceans serve as the 2nd largest reservoir of what - correct answers CARBON Nitrogen Cycle - correct answers - essential in DNA, RNA, and proteins - requires nitrogen fixation to become biologically available - or nitrification - artificially fix nitrogen to enhance agriculture Phosphorus Cycle - correct answers - essential nutrient for plants and animals - aquatic animals take it up directly from water(limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms) - too much causes algae blooms - terrestrial take up through roots in soil Adaptations - correct answers traits that lead to better reproductive success over time Natural Selection - correct answers -organisms face constant struggle to survive and reproduce - produce more offspring than can survive to maturity -individuals of a species vary in their attributes Mutations - correct answers accidental changes in DNA What determines what pressures natural selection exerts - correct answers environmental conditions Lamarckism - correct answers organism can pass on characteristics that is has acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime to its offspring Evolution generates - correct answers BIODIVERSITY Speciation - correct answers the formation of new species in the course of evolution, generates new species Allopatric Speciation - correct answers single population gets separated geographically, long term isolation can cause adaptations in one group, once the pops come back together, they can no longer reproduce Why is biodiversity important? - correct answers r resilience subject to degradation re quality of habitat based on biodiversity declines in biodiversity come from - correct answers Extinction or Emigration Extirpation - correct answers locally extinct but living in another region background extinction - correct answers graudal occurence mass extinction - correct answers massive loss of species Anthropocene - correct answers 6th mass extinction: - destruction of natural habitat - pollution of air,water,soil -non native species introduced -alteration of climate Passenger Pigeon - correct answers communal roosting and breeding (required 1000s to breed), they were hunted to extinction in 18-1900 Passenger Pigeons created what? - correct answers mass disturbances in canopy which would initiate forest regeneration Ecology - correct answers the scientific study of the interations amoung organisms and of the relationships between organisms and their environments Habitat - correct answers the specific environment in which an organism lives (living and nonliving components) Habitat Use - correct answers how the organism uses the habitat among the range of options the encounter(foraging site vs. nesting site) habitat Selection - correct answers how the organism selects from among a range of options they encounter Niche - correct answers the functional role in a community Generalist Niche - correct answers able to use a wide-array of resources Specialist Niche - correct answers perform well on a narrow range but are highly specialized population size - correct answers number of individuals in a population population density - correct answers the number of individuals per unit area in a population population distribution - correct answers describes the spatial arrangement in an area random: plant seeds uniform: cacti in the desert clumped: elephants travelling in a pack sex ratio - correct answers proportion of males to females age structure - correct answers the relative number of individuals of different ages within a population Natality - correct answers births within the population mortality - correct answers deaths within the population immigration - correct answers arrival of individuals from outside the population emigration - correct answers departure of individuals from the population