BIOL 121 EXAM 1 PURDUE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES

unicellular single membrane bacteria and archaea - correct answers Prokaryote inner & outer membrane organelles un cells -nucleus: genetic material -mitochondria: power house - correct answers Eukaryote homo - genus sapins - name of species - correct answers Homo sapiens starches and sugars - correct answers Carbohydrates source of energy stored energy structural components - correct answers Carbohydrate function ribose, glucose, glyceraldehyde simple sugars - correct answers Monosaccharides double sugar sucrose - correct answers Disaccharide starch and multiple sugars easily broken down by enzymes - correct answers Polysaccharides C, H, O fats, oils, waxes - correct answers Lipids membrane structure energy storage structural basis for animal hormones & vitamins - correct answers Lipid Function glycerol + 3 fatty acids - correct answers Triglycerides max number of H atoms possible pack tightly + cholesterol = heart disease - correct answers Saturated Fatty Acids double bonds crooked structure liquid - correct answers Unsaturated Fatty Acids made in liver and degraded in liver LDL - delivery trucks, bad HDL - good, garbage trucks - correct answers Cholesterol two fatty acids + phosphate group + glycerol membrane function - correct answers Phospholipids lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings - correct answers Steroids E. coli C, H, O, N sometimes P, S, Mg, Fe amino group, carboxyl group, side chain, and hydrogen attached to carbon - correct answers Proteins support - collagen transport - hemoglobin movement - actin defense - antibodies enzymatic - regulate chem rxns - correct answers Protein Function primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary - correct answers Protein Structure Levels sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain -inherited - correct answers Primary Protein Structure localized twisting or folding alpha helices and beta pleated sheets - correct answers Secondary Protein Structure additional folding interaction between R groups - correct answers Tertiary Protein Structure association of several polypeptide chains - correct answers Quaternary Protein Structure protein that acts as a biological catalyst small amounts lower Ea DO NOT affect deltaG - correct answers Enzyme C,H,O,N,P polymers of nucleotides nitrogen base, pentose sugar, phosphate group - correct answers Nucleic Acids information storage and transfer synthesis of proteins transfer chem energy RNA enzyme/regulator -microRNA - correct answers Nucleic Acid Function DNA -deoxyribose -A-T, G-C -double helix RNA -ribose -A-Uracil, G-C -single helix - correct answers DNA and RNA (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work ATP + water = Pi + 7.3 kcal/mol - correct answers ATP The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule. produces ATP for transport - correct answers Phosphorylation ATP synthesis C6H12O6 + 6O2 - 12H2O + 6CO2 + energy 4 steps -glycolysis -oxidation (loss of e-) of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA -Krebs Citric Acid Cycle -Respiratory Electron Transport Chain - correct answers Respiration oxidized in small steps to release ATP - correct answers Glucose Oxidation - loss of electrons Reduction - gain of electrons - correct answers Redox Reaction anaerobic breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid all organisms happens in cytosil 2 ATP net and 2 NADre-(1.5 ATP ea) - correct answers Glycolysis anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolysis - correct answers Fermentation(glycolysis) acetyl CoA + oxaloacetate - citric acid goes through twice b/c 2 acetyl CoA Net: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADre, 2 FADre - correct answers Krebs Citric Acid Cycle NAD/FAD transfer e-/hydrogen to O2 NADre = 2.5 ATP FADre = 1.5 ATP - correct answers Respiratory Transport Chain Glycolysis - 2 ATP + 2 NADre(1.5 ATP ea) = 5 ATP Pyruvate Acetyl CoA - 2 NADre + 2.5 ATP = 5 ATP Kreb's - 2 ATP + 6 NADre + 2 FADre = 20 - correct answers Final Energy Totals maintaining the body at the same temperature as the environment - correct answers Poikilothermic Refers to an organism's ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite variations in environmental temperature. - correct answers Homeothermic Correct Assumptions: -C incr due to CO2 -N in plants is from soil -plants require light & chlorophyll to incr dry weigh -plants give O2 in day & CO2 in dark -plants respirate 24/7, photo synth in light -splitting of H2O Incorrect Assumptions -CO2 split to give oxygen - correct answers History of Photosynthesis light reactions and dark reactions - correct answers 2 Stages of Photosynthesis need light produces oxygen as a by product 2H2O + light - O2 + 4[H+] + 4e- - correct answers Light Reaction no light needed CO2 reduced to sugars CO2 + 4[H+] + 4e- - CH2O + H2O - correct answers Dark Reaction (Calvin cycle) light - photons(packets of energy) E ~ 1/wavelength energy is absorbed and passed to rxn center - correct answers Capturing Light The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light. - correct answers Absorption Spectrum A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths used in photosynthesis - correct answers Action Spectrum 1. chloro-a (P680) captures photon 2. e- go to primary e- acceptor (pheophytin) 3. e- replaced, split H20 leaves O2 by-prod 4. e- go down PSII, generate ATP (another light rxn) 5. e- fill "e- hole" in P700 after getting photon 6. e- passed down PSI 7. e- reduce NADox - NADre - correct answers Light Reaction Steps 1. Fixation of C - 6CO2 + 6RuDP - 12PGA (catalyzed by rubisco) 2. Reduction - 12ATP + 12NADPre -PGA - PGAL (2 PGAL = 1 glucose) 3. Regenerate RuBP - 6 RuMP + 6 ATP - 6 RuBP - costs: 18 ATP & 12 NADPre - correct answers Dark Reaction (Calvin Cycle Steps) separation of fixation of CO2 & making sugar CO2 + PEP gives oxaloacetate PEP has high affinity for CO2 stomates closed during high temp and light so O2 competes with CO2 for RuBP - correct answers C4 Plants RuBP + O2 instead of RuBP + CO2 produces CO2 and no ATP - correct answers Photorespiration efficient at photosynthesis in cool wet climates - correct answers C3 Plants -separation of process in time -open stomates at night for carbon fixation to make C4 compounds - close stomates during day to conserve water - correct answers CAM plants eukaryotic cell division - correct answers Mitosis Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organism - correct answers Meiosis An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes. - correct answers Haploid 2 sets of chromosomes - correct answers Diploid interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis IPMAT - correct answers Mitosis Steps Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division replicates chromosomes "sister chromatids G1, S, and G2 - correct answers Interphase -spindle apparatus forms -nuclear membrane disappears - correct answers Prophase - spindle fibers attach to centromere - 2 chromatids line up on equatorial plane - correct answers Metaphase - chromatids separate (new chromosomes) - move to opposite ends - correct answers Anaphase