CHLH 274 QUIZ 3 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
person, who is being affected? - ANSWER young vs old, males vs females, rich vs poor,
more educated vs less educated
place, where problem occurring? - ANSWER urban vs rural, some states more than
other states, only in particular state, national vs. international, plentiful rainfall or little
rainfall, polluted vs. unpolluted
Time, when problem occurring? - ANSWER winter vs summer, sudden increase over a
short period, problem increasing over long periods of time
what is central to the field of epidemiology? - ANSWER the occurrence of disease with
respect to person, place and time
Descriptive Epidemiology - ANSWER concerned with characterizing the amount and
distribution of disease within a population
Analytic Epidemiology - ANSWER concerned with the determinant of disease
objectives of descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER 1.evaluate/compare trends in health
and disease among countries or subgroups within countries 2. provide basis for
planning, provision, and evaluation of health services 3. identify problems for analytic
studies
one of most important factors when describing occurrence of disease or illness -
ANSWER age
2003 Statistics - ANSWER accident leading cause of death (1-44 years), chronic disease
were leading killers (45+)
, major causes of death: childhood - ANSWER congenital/developmental problems,
infectious & communicable disease (measles, mumps, chicken pox, meningococcal
disease)
major causes of death: teenage - ANSWER accidents, violence, suicide (problems with
unplanned pregnancy, substance abuse, excessive screen time may lead to obesity)
major causes of death: adult - ANSWER 20-34 accidental injury leading cause of death,
then homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease, HIV
Major causes of death: older adults - ANSWER chronic disease: heart disease/cancer
dominant after age 45, (ex. cancer rates go up as age around age 25 shoots up)
4 reasons for age associations (MacMahon & Pugh) - ANSWER 1. validity of diagnosis
across lifespan 2. multimodality of trends 3. latency effects 4. action of human biologic
clock
Validity of diagnosis across lifespan - ANSWER age-specific incidence rates among
elderly offer inaccurate (inaccuracies may result from the difficulty in fixing exact cause
of death among older individuals)
Multimodality of trends - ANSWER age-specific distributions can be linear (cancer) or
multimodial (tuberculosis)
Multimodial Definition - ANSWER several peaks in the disease trend
Latency effects - ANSWER age effects on mortality may reflect the long latency period
b/w environmental exposures and subsequent development of disease (ex. exposure to
carcinogen, development of cancer later in life, ex. additive effects would affect older
persons)
Biological Clock Phenomenon - ANSWER endogenous process associated with
increases vulnerability to disease (conditions occur in the aged that are believed to
person, who is being affected? - ANSWER young vs old, males vs females, rich vs poor,
more educated vs less educated
place, where problem occurring? - ANSWER urban vs rural, some states more than
other states, only in particular state, national vs. international, plentiful rainfall or little
rainfall, polluted vs. unpolluted
Time, when problem occurring? - ANSWER winter vs summer, sudden increase over a
short period, problem increasing over long periods of time
what is central to the field of epidemiology? - ANSWER the occurrence of disease with
respect to person, place and time
Descriptive Epidemiology - ANSWER concerned with characterizing the amount and
distribution of disease within a population
Analytic Epidemiology - ANSWER concerned with the determinant of disease
objectives of descriptive epidemiology - ANSWER 1.evaluate/compare trends in health
and disease among countries or subgroups within countries 2. provide basis for
planning, provision, and evaluation of health services 3. identify problems for analytic
studies
one of most important factors when describing occurrence of disease or illness -
ANSWER age
2003 Statistics - ANSWER accident leading cause of death (1-44 years), chronic disease
were leading killers (45+)
, major causes of death: childhood - ANSWER congenital/developmental problems,
infectious & communicable disease (measles, mumps, chicken pox, meningococcal
disease)
major causes of death: teenage - ANSWER accidents, violence, suicide (problems with
unplanned pregnancy, substance abuse, excessive screen time may lead to obesity)
major causes of death: adult - ANSWER 20-34 accidental injury leading cause of death,
then homicide, suicide, cancer, heart disease, HIV
Major causes of death: older adults - ANSWER chronic disease: heart disease/cancer
dominant after age 45, (ex. cancer rates go up as age around age 25 shoots up)
4 reasons for age associations (MacMahon & Pugh) - ANSWER 1. validity of diagnosis
across lifespan 2. multimodality of trends 3. latency effects 4. action of human biologic
clock
Validity of diagnosis across lifespan - ANSWER age-specific incidence rates among
elderly offer inaccurate (inaccuracies may result from the difficulty in fixing exact cause
of death among older individuals)
Multimodality of trends - ANSWER age-specific distributions can be linear (cancer) or
multimodial (tuberculosis)
Multimodial Definition - ANSWER several peaks in the disease trend
Latency effects - ANSWER age effects on mortality may reflect the long latency period
b/w environmental exposures and subsequent development of disease (ex. exposure to
carcinogen, development of cancer later in life, ex. additive effects would affect older
persons)
Biological Clock Phenomenon - ANSWER endogenous process associated with
increases vulnerability to disease (conditions occur in the aged that are believed to
