KNH 188 UPDATED PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Epidemiologists are concerned with - ✔✔risk factors, reducing morbidity, reducing
mortality
✔✔Morbidity - ✔✔illness in a population.
✔✔mortality - ✔✔death rate in a polulation
✔✔observational studies - ✔✔used to try and find out what is causing an outcome
✔✔observational studies can compose of what three types - ✔✔case control, cross,
section, prospective cohort (longitudinal)
✔✔experimental - ✔✔used to test if a particular exposure/behavior causes an outcome
✔✔type of experimental study - ✔✔Randomized controlled trial
✔✔Case-control study - ✔✔A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals
with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease,
referred to as controls
looks back in time
✔✔cross-sectional study - ✔✔studies taken in the present
asking people about current diseases
✔✔prospective cohort study - ✔✔subjects are followed over time
✔✔in observational studies causation... - ✔✔cannot be proven
✔✔what is a classic cross section study - ✔✔National Health and nutrition examination
survey
✔✔past to present - ✔✔case-control study
✔✔present from past and to future - ✔✔cross-section study
✔✔present to future - ✔✔prospective cohort study
✔✔randomized controlled trail - ✔✔An experimental study in which researchers
randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the
experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest.
, ✔✔Mill's Canons - ✔✔These principles outline the logical conditions under which
observations can establish necessary and sufficient causal relationships between
events
✔✔principles of Mill's canons - ✔✔Temporal sequence, Strength of association,
consistency, dose response, biological plausibility
✔✔temporal sequence - ✔✔cause must happen before effect
✔✔strengthen of association - ✔✔the greater risk association more likely to be a cause
✔✔consistency - ✔✔observation across different contexts
✔✔dose response - ✔✔correlation between the amount of a drug given and its effects
✔✔biological plausibility - ✔✔cause is linked to effect consistent with existing biologic
and medical knowledge
✔✔life expectancy - ✔✔estimate of how many years someone many live
✔✔healthy life expectancy - ✔✔expected number of years of full health
✔✔united states Life expectancy - ✔✔men- 75
women 80
average 77.8
✔✔united states health expectancy - ✔✔overall 66
men -65
women- 67
✔✔Leading cause of death in the US - ✔✔heart disease
✔✔health disparities - ✔✔"health outcome is seen to a greater or lesser extent between
populations"
✔✔types of health disparities - ✔✔1) Gender
2) Disability
3) Geographic location
4) sexual orientation
5) race and ethnicity
6) income and education/social class
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Epidemiologists are concerned with - ✔✔risk factors, reducing morbidity, reducing
mortality
✔✔Morbidity - ✔✔illness in a population.
✔✔mortality - ✔✔death rate in a polulation
✔✔observational studies - ✔✔used to try and find out what is causing an outcome
✔✔observational studies can compose of what three types - ✔✔case control, cross,
section, prospective cohort (longitudinal)
✔✔experimental - ✔✔used to test if a particular exposure/behavior causes an outcome
✔✔type of experimental study - ✔✔Randomized controlled trial
✔✔Case-control study - ✔✔A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals
with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease,
referred to as controls
looks back in time
✔✔cross-sectional study - ✔✔studies taken in the present
asking people about current diseases
✔✔prospective cohort study - ✔✔subjects are followed over time
✔✔in observational studies causation... - ✔✔cannot be proven
✔✔what is a classic cross section study - ✔✔National Health and nutrition examination
survey
✔✔past to present - ✔✔case-control study
✔✔present from past and to future - ✔✔cross-section study
✔✔present to future - ✔✔prospective cohort study
✔✔randomized controlled trail - ✔✔An experimental study in which researchers
randomly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group and expose the
experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest.
, ✔✔Mill's Canons - ✔✔These principles outline the logical conditions under which
observations can establish necessary and sufficient causal relationships between
events
✔✔principles of Mill's canons - ✔✔Temporal sequence, Strength of association,
consistency, dose response, biological plausibility
✔✔temporal sequence - ✔✔cause must happen before effect
✔✔strengthen of association - ✔✔the greater risk association more likely to be a cause
✔✔consistency - ✔✔observation across different contexts
✔✔dose response - ✔✔correlation between the amount of a drug given and its effects
✔✔biological plausibility - ✔✔cause is linked to effect consistent with existing biologic
and medical knowledge
✔✔life expectancy - ✔✔estimate of how many years someone many live
✔✔healthy life expectancy - ✔✔expected number of years of full health
✔✔united states Life expectancy - ✔✔men- 75
women 80
average 77.8
✔✔united states health expectancy - ✔✔overall 66
men -65
women- 67
✔✔Leading cause of death in the US - ✔✔heart disease
✔✔health disparities - ✔✔"health outcome is seen to a greater or lesser extent between
populations"
✔✔types of health disparities - ✔✔1) Gender
2) Disability
3) Geographic location
4) sexual orientation
5) race and ethnicity
6) income and education/social class
