KNH 188 UPDATED EXAMS SCRIPT QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔pros of NHIS - ✔✔look at health by many demographics and socioeconomic
characteristics
✔✔cons of NHIS - ✔✔only looks at leisure time PA
✔✔physical activity - ✔✔any activity you do that raises your energy
✔✔YRBSS - ✔✔high school students
>15,200
school-based student self-administered paper survey
every 2 years
leisure-time, domestic, transportation
✔✔pros of YRBSS - ✔✔close-ended format
✔✔cons of YRBSS - ✔✔no occupational PA
✔✔NHTS - ✔✔US households
>25,000
household survey using Computer Technology interviews
every 5-7 years
transportation
✔✔pros of NHTS - ✔✔focuses on transportation PA
✔✔cons of NHTS - ✔✔computerized
not coordinated by federal agency
✔✔SHPPS - ✔✔US school district
self-administered mail survey
computer assisted interviews
periodic
PA policies and curricula
✔✔incidence rate - ✔✔number of NEW cases of the disease or outcome of interest
✔✔how to calculate incidence rate - ✔✔total # of NEW cases of sp. disease during
period of time/
total population at risk during same p.o.t
,✔✔prevalence rate - ✔✔number of CURRENT cases of the disease or outcome of
interest
✔✔how to calculate prevalence rate - ✔✔all new AND pre-existing cases of a sp.
disease during a period of time/
total population during same p.o.t.
✔✔risk factor - ✔✔any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that
increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury
✔✔relative risk - ✔✔ratio of incidence rates (probability of event occurring)
✔✔physical activity vs. exercise - ✔✔exercise is planned, structured, repetitive,
intentional
✔✔research - ✔✔a systematic inquiry that investigates hypotheses, suggests new
interpretations of data or texts, and poses new questions for future research to explore
✔✔observational research - ✔✔more common
investigator observes rather than influences exposure and disease among participants
(case-control, cohort)
✔✔experimental research - ✔✔investigator specifies the type of exposure for each
person (clinical trial) or community (community trial) then follows the
person/communities' health status to determine the effects of the exposure
✔✔dependent variable - ✔✔variable whose values are a function of one or more other
variables
✔✔independent variable - ✔✔an exposure, risk factor or other characteristic being
observed or measured that is hypothesized to influence an event or manifestation
✔✔domains of physical activity - ✔✔leisure time/exercise
occupational
household
active transport
✔✔prospective - ✔✔enroll then evaluate later on
preferable- can choose frequency they are studied
✔✔retrospective - ✔✔enroll after health outcome has occurred
✔✔validity - ✔✔actually measures what it's supposed to
, ✔✔reliability - ✔✔gives same results when measuring the same thing
✔✔questionnaires
validity issues: recall reliability, interpretation accuracy - ✔✔how to measure PA
✔✔actually trying the measure energy expenditure - ✔✔what really measuring with PA
✔✔kilocalories - ✔✔amount of heat to raise I L of water 1 degree C
✔✔MET - ✔✔metabolic equivalent
✔✔work=oxygen=energy=kilocalories - ✔✔equation
✔✔indirect calorimetry - ✔✔measures O2 used during an activity
error +- 3%
RER estimates substrate oxidation
✔✔direct calorimetry - ✔✔measures heat production in sealed, insulated, small
chamber
very accurate (error <1%)
very expensive
size limits PA
✔✔substrate oxidation - ✔✔what's being used for fuel
✔✔5 kcal - ✔✔amount of kcal per liter of O2
✔✔double labeled water - ✔✔best field measure of overall daily energy expenditure
measures CO2 flux from urine samples
very expensive
error +-3%
✔✔heart rate monitors - ✔✔measures electrical activity of the heart
regression equation to estimate O2 consumption
assess pattern of PA over a day to assess intensity
✔✔pedometers - ✔✔count steps
poor validity/reliability
no measure of intensity
can't store data
✔✔accelerometers - ✔✔research device-pricier
triaxial- 3 plane measurement
frequency, intensity
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔pros of NHIS - ✔✔look at health by many demographics and socioeconomic
characteristics
✔✔cons of NHIS - ✔✔only looks at leisure time PA
✔✔physical activity - ✔✔any activity you do that raises your energy
✔✔YRBSS - ✔✔high school students
>15,200
school-based student self-administered paper survey
every 2 years
leisure-time, domestic, transportation
✔✔pros of YRBSS - ✔✔close-ended format
✔✔cons of YRBSS - ✔✔no occupational PA
✔✔NHTS - ✔✔US households
>25,000
household survey using Computer Technology interviews
every 5-7 years
transportation
✔✔pros of NHTS - ✔✔focuses on transportation PA
✔✔cons of NHTS - ✔✔computerized
not coordinated by federal agency
✔✔SHPPS - ✔✔US school district
self-administered mail survey
computer assisted interviews
periodic
PA policies and curricula
✔✔incidence rate - ✔✔number of NEW cases of the disease or outcome of interest
✔✔how to calculate incidence rate - ✔✔total # of NEW cases of sp. disease during
period of time/
total population at risk during same p.o.t
,✔✔prevalence rate - ✔✔number of CURRENT cases of the disease or outcome of
interest
✔✔how to calculate prevalence rate - ✔✔all new AND pre-existing cases of a sp.
disease during a period of time/
total population during same p.o.t.
✔✔risk factor - ✔✔any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that
increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury
✔✔relative risk - ✔✔ratio of incidence rates (probability of event occurring)
✔✔physical activity vs. exercise - ✔✔exercise is planned, structured, repetitive,
intentional
✔✔research - ✔✔a systematic inquiry that investigates hypotheses, suggests new
interpretations of data or texts, and poses new questions for future research to explore
✔✔observational research - ✔✔more common
investigator observes rather than influences exposure and disease among participants
(case-control, cohort)
✔✔experimental research - ✔✔investigator specifies the type of exposure for each
person (clinical trial) or community (community trial) then follows the
person/communities' health status to determine the effects of the exposure
✔✔dependent variable - ✔✔variable whose values are a function of one or more other
variables
✔✔independent variable - ✔✔an exposure, risk factor or other characteristic being
observed or measured that is hypothesized to influence an event or manifestation
✔✔domains of physical activity - ✔✔leisure time/exercise
occupational
household
active transport
✔✔prospective - ✔✔enroll then evaluate later on
preferable- can choose frequency they are studied
✔✔retrospective - ✔✔enroll after health outcome has occurred
✔✔validity - ✔✔actually measures what it's supposed to
, ✔✔reliability - ✔✔gives same results when measuring the same thing
✔✔questionnaires
validity issues: recall reliability, interpretation accuracy - ✔✔how to measure PA
✔✔actually trying the measure energy expenditure - ✔✔what really measuring with PA
✔✔kilocalories - ✔✔amount of heat to raise I L of water 1 degree C
✔✔MET - ✔✔metabolic equivalent
✔✔work=oxygen=energy=kilocalories - ✔✔equation
✔✔indirect calorimetry - ✔✔measures O2 used during an activity
error +- 3%
RER estimates substrate oxidation
✔✔direct calorimetry - ✔✔measures heat production in sealed, insulated, small
chamber
very accurate (error <1%)
very expensive
size limits PA
✔✔substrate oxidation - ✔✔what's being used for fuel
✔✔5 kcal - ✔✔amount of kcal per liter of O2
✔✔double labeled water - ✔✔best field measure of overall daily energy expenditure
measures CO2 flux from urine samples
very expensive
error +-3%
✔✔heart rate monitors - ✔✔measures electrical activity of the heart
regression equation to estimate O2 consumption
assess pattern of PA over a day to assess intensity
✔✔pedometers - ✔✔count steps
poor validity/reliability
no measure of intensity
can't store data
✔✔accelerometers - ✔✔research device-pricier
triaxial- 3 plane measurement
frequency, intensity
