BIO 256 UPDATED FINAL PAPER QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Function of bacterial flora in the large intestine - ✔✔Bacterial flora synthesizes
vitamin K and thymine
✔✔Function of the large intestine related to protein breakdown - ✔✔Breaks down
proteins to amino acids
✔✔Function of the large intestine related to fiber breakdown - ✔✔Breaks down
cellulose/fiber
✔✔Name all the components of saliva - ✔✔99.5% water, Mucous, electrolytes,
digestive enzymes (lipase, salivary amylase), antibacterial (immunoglobin A, and
lysozymes (bactericidal).
✔✔List the 3 phases of deglutition - ✔✔Oral phase (first stage)
Pharyngeal phase (second stage)
Esophageal phase (third phase)
✔✔Oral phase (first stage) - ✔✔voluntary stage, saliva is mixed with chewed food,
forms bolus.
✔✔Pharyngeal phase (second stage) - ✔✔the soft palate and uvula rises to protect
nasal cavity from food. The epiglottis closes off top of the larynx, to protect trachea.
✔✔Esophageal phase (third phase) - ✔✔peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to
the stomach
✔✔Name all the cells of the stomach - ✔✔Parietal- produce HCI and intrinsic factor.
HCI is responsible for the high acidity of stomach contents. Kills bacteria. Intrinsic factor
is a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
Chief (PC)- Gastric lipase and also secretes pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin). HCI
is necessary to convert pepsinogen to pepsin
Mucous- secrete thin, acidic mucous Enteroendocrine- gastrin
✔✔Parietal- produce - ✔✔HCI and intrinsic factor
✔✔HCI is responsible - ✔✔high acidity of stomach contents. Kills bacteria.
✔✔Intrinsic factor - ✔✔glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the
small intestine.
✔✔Chief (PC)- Gastric lipase - ✔✔secretes pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
, ✔✔HCI is necessary to convert - ✔✔pepsinogen to pepsin
✔✔Mucous - ✔✔secrete thin, acidic mucous
✔✔Enteroendocrine - ✔✔gastrin
✔✔List all the functions of Gastric HCL (aka stomach acid) - ✔✔Denature protein
Kill bacteria
Converts pepsinogen into its active form pepsin
✔✔Name all the digestive hormones - ✔✔Gastrin, cck, Secretin
✔✔Gastrin source - ✔✔secreted by g cells of gastric gland in the stomach
✔✔Gastrin stimulus - ✔✔proteins in the stomach and stomach distention
✔✔Gastrin fucntion - ✔✔stimulates parietal and chief cells to produce HCL and
pepsinogen, stimulates motility of stomach, relaxes pyloric sphincter
✔✔cck source - ✔✔duodenal glands
✔✔cck Stimulus - ✔✔presence of fats in small intestine
✔✔cck function - ✔✔stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete pancreatic juices high in
enzymes, contractions of gallbladder release bile, relaxes hepatopancreatic ampulla
sphincter for bile entry into duodenum
✔✔Secretin source - ✔✔cells of duodenal wall
✔✔Secretin Stimulus - ✔✔acidic chyme entering small intestine
✔✔Secretin function - ✔✔stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with high bicarbonate
concentration to neutralize acid
✔✔Exocrine Pancreatic cells organized in acini produce 4 types - ✔✔trypsin,
chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Pancreatic amylase
✔✔Trypsin - ✔✔digests proteins
✔✔Chymotrypsin - ✔✔helps digest proteins
✔✔Carboxypeptidase - ✔✔breaks down oligopeptides
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Function of bacterial flora in the large intestine - ✔✔Bacterial flora synthesizes
vitamin K and thymine
✔✔Function of the large intestine related to protein breakdown - ✔✔Breaks down
proteins to amino acids
✔✔Function of the large intestine related to fiber breakdown - ✔✔Breaks down
cellulose/fiber
✔✔Name all the components of saliva - ✔✔99.5% water, Mucous, electrolytes,
digestive enzymes (lipase, salivary amylase), antibacterial (immunoglobin A, and
lysozymes (bactericidal).
✔✔List the 3 phases of deglutition - ✔✔Oral phase (first stage)
Pharyngeal phase (second stage)
Esophageal phase (third phase)
✔✔Oral phase (first stage) - ✔✔voluntary stage, saliva is mixed with chewed food,
forms bolus.
✔✔Pharyngeal phase (second stage) - ✔✔the soft palate and uvula rises to protect
nasal cavity from food. The epiglottis closes off top of the larynx, to protect trachea.
✔✔Esophageal phase (third phase) - ✔✔peristalsis transports food in the esophagus to
the stomach
✔✔Name all the cells of the stomach - ✔✔Parietal- produce HCI and intrinsic factor.
HCI is responsible for the high acidity of stomach contents. Kills bacteria. Intrinsic factor
is a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
Chief (PC)- Gastric lipase and also secretes pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin). HCI
is necessary to convert pepsinogen to pepsin
Mucous- secrete thin, acidic mucous Enteroendocrine- gastrin
✔✔Parietal- produce - ✔✔HCI and intrinsic factor
✔✔HCI is responsible - ✔✔high acidity of stomach contents. Kills bacteria.
✔✔Intrinsic factor - ✔✔glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the
small intestine.
✔✔Chief (PC)- Gastric lipase - ✔✔secretes pepsinogen (inactive form of pepsin)
, ✔✔HCI is necessary to convert - ✔✔pepsinogen to pepsin
✔✔Mucous - ✔✔secrete thin, acidic mucous
✔✔Enteroendocrine - ✔✔gastrin
✔✔List all the functions of Gastric HCL (aka stomach acid) - ✔✔Denature protein
Kill bacteria
Converts pepsinogen into its active form pepsin
✔✔Name all the digestive hormones - ✔✔Gastrin, cck, Secretin
✔✔Gastrin source - ✔✔secreted by g cells of gastric gland in the stomach
✔✔Gastrin stimulus - ✔✔proteins in the stomach and stomach distention
✔✔Gastrin fucntion - ✔✔stimulates parietal and chief cells to produce HCL and
pepsinogen, stimulates motility of stomach, relaxes pyloric sphincter
✔✔cck source - ✔✔duodenal glands
✔✔cck Stimulus - ✔✔presence of fats in small intestine
✔✔cck function - ✔✔stimulates pancreatic cells to secrete pancreatic juices high in
enzymes, contractions of gallbladder release bile, relaxes hepatopancreatic ampulla
sphincter for bile entry into duodenum
✔✔Secretin source - ✔✔cells of duodenal wall
✔✔Secretin Stimulus - ✔✔acidic chyme entering small intestine
✔✔Secretin function - ✔✔stimulates pancreas to secrete fluid with high bicarbonate
concentration to neutralize acid
✔✔Exocrine Pancreatic cells organized in acini produce 4 types - ✔✔trypsin,
chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase, Pancreatic amylase
✔✔Trypsin - ✔✔digests proteins
✔✔Chymotrypsin - ✔✔helps digest proteins
✔✔Carboxypeptidase - ✔✔breaks down oligopeptides
