GNRS 515 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| GUARANTEED PASS
DNA replication - Correct Answer-untwisted and zipped by
hydrogen bonds being broken between two pairs
DNA polymerase - Correct Answer-pairs new bases, aka
complementary base pairing (ATCG)
Chromosome aberrations occur where? - Correct Answer-
occurs among number or structure
Explain base pair substitution - Correct Answer-mutation
where ATCG base pairing is mixed
Missense mutation - Correct Answer-A base-pair substitution
that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
The "sense" of the codon is altered
Nonsense mutation - Correct Answer-substitutions into a stop
codon, but it is in the wrong place! (quite dangerous)
Silent mutation - Correct Answer-nucleotide change does not
affect amino acid
Frameshift mutation - Correct Answer-insertion or deletion of
one or more base pairs. Changes the entire reading frame of
DNA sequence (also dangerous)
1
, Codons - Correct Answer-consist of a group of three amino
acids that start or stop DNA processing
Transcription - Correct Answer-DNA to RNA (uracil replaces
thymine)
Translation - Correct Answer-RNA to protein (uracil replaces
thymine)
mRNA - Correct Answer-synthesized from DNA by RNA
polymerase. Uses tRNA (by binding to ribosome) to sequence
amino acids
Transcription factors - Correct Answer-also binds to DNA &
regulates the transcription timing. Can turn on/off gene
expression
Epigenetics - Correct Answer-is the study of heritable changes
in gene expression (phenotype) caused by mechanisms other
than changes in DNA (nucleotide) sequences; e.g. when a
somatic cell divides (mitotic inheritance), when gametes are
produced (germline inheritance), or both
epigenetic modification - Correct Answer-Epigenetic
modifications can cause individuals with the same DNA
sequences (such as identical twins) to have different disease
profiles
functional mRNA - Correct Answer-carries genetic
information from DNA to Ribosome present in cytosol, where
it is used as a template for protein synthesis
2
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
ACCURATE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
| GUARANTEED PASS
DNA replication - Correct Answer-untwisted and zipped by
hydrogen bonds being broken between two pairs
DNA polymerase - Correct Answer-pairs new bases, aka
complementary base pairing (ATCG)
Chromosome aberrations occur where? - Correct Answer-
occurs among number or structure
Explain base pair substitution - Correct Answer-mutation
where ATCG base pairing is mixed
Missense mutation - Correct Answer-A base-pair substitution
that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
The "sense" of the codon is altered
Nonsense mutation - Correct Answer-substitutions into a stop
codon, but it is in the wrong place! (quite dangerous)
Silent mutation - Correct Answer-nucleotide change does not
affect amino acid
Frameshift mutation - Correct Answer-insertion or deletion of
one or more base pairs. Changes the entire reading frame of
DNA sequence (also dangerous)
1
, Codons - Correct Answer-consist of a group of three amino
acids that start or stop DNA processing
Transcription - Correct Answer-DNA to RNA (uracil replaces
thymine)
Translation - Correct Answer-RNA to protein (uracil replaces
thymine)
mRNA - Correct Answer-synthesized from DNA by RNA
polymerase. Uses tRNA (by binding to ribosome) to sequence
amino acids
Transcription factors - Correct Answer-also binds to DNA &
regulates the transcription timing. Can turn on/off gene
expression
Epigenetics - Correct Answer-is the study of heritable changes
in gene expression (phenotype) caused by mechanisms other
than changes in DNA (nucleotide) sequences; e.g. when a
somatic cell divides (mitotic inheritance), when gametes are
produced (germline inheritance), or both
epigenetic modification - Correct Answer-Epigenetic
modifications can cause individuals with the same DNA
sequences (such as identical twins) to have different disease
profiles
functional mRNA - Correct Answer-carries genetic
information from DNA to Ribosome present in cytosol, where
it is used as a template for protein synthesis
2
