NU 545/ NU 545 Unit 2 Exam | Actual Questions
and Answers Latest Updated (Graded A+)-
University of South Alabama
1. Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is
responsible for keeping you awake, controlling
thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining
balance and posture?
• Reticular formation (p.454)- large network of
connected tissue nuclei that regulate vital
reflexes, such as cardiovascular function and
respiration. Also, essential for maintaining
wakefulness and in conjunction with the
cerebral cortex is referred to as the reticular
activating system.
• Prefrontal Area- (p.456) goal oriented
behavior (concentrate) short term or recall
memory, and elaboration of thought and
inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of
the CNS
• Broca speech area- (457) motor aspects of
speech
• Wernicke area- (457) Responsible for
reception and interpretation of speech, and
dysfunction = receptive aphasia or dysphagia
• Limbic system & prefrontal cortex- (p.457)
Expression of affect (emotional and
behavioral states)
• Cerebellum- (459) balance and posture
2. Know the function of the arachnoid villi.
• (466) The arachnoid villi protrude from the
arachnoid space, through the dura mater,
and lie within the blood flow of the venous
sinuses. CSF is reabsorbed by means of a
pressure gradient between the pressure
, gradient between the arachnoid villi and the
cerebral venous sinuses. The villi function as
one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the
blood but preventing blood flow into the
subarachnoid space.
3. Where is the primary defect in Parkinsons disease and
Huntingtons?
• Basil Ganglia (457)
4. What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced?
Where is it absorbed?
• (465) Intracranial and spinal cord structures
float in CSF and are partially protected from
jolts and blows. The buoyant properties of the
CSF also prevent the brain from tugging on
meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
• The choroid plexuses in the lateral, third, and
fourth ventricles produce the major portion of
CSF
• (466) CSF is reabsorbed into the venous
circulation through the arachnoid villi,
primarily located superior to the falx cerebri
in the superior sagittal sinus. The CSF is
derived from the blood and after
circulating throughout the CNS, it
returns to the blood. (600ml/day
produced)
5. Review blood flow to the brain.
• (467) Arterial supply comes from internal carotid
arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal
carotid arteries originate from the common carotid
arteries and enter the cranium through the base
of the skull, and pass through the cavernous
sinus. After giving off some small branches, they
divide into the anterior and MCA’s. The vertebral
arteries, posteriorly, originate as branches off the
, subclavian arteries, pass through the transverse
foramina of the cervical vertebrae, and enter the
cranium through the foramen magnum. They join
at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata
to form the basilar artery. That divides at the area
of the midbrain to form paired posterior cerebral
arteries. *fig. 15-20 pg 458
6. What is the gate control theory of pain?
• (485) Explains the complex multidimensional
aspects of pain perception and pain modulation.
Pain transmission is modulated by a balance of
impulses conducted to the spinal cord where cells
in the substantia gelatinosa. Nociceptive
transmissions on these fibers open the spinal gate
and increase the perception of pain. Closure or
partial closure of the spinal gates can occur from
non-nociceptive stimulation.
7. Know the type of nerve fibers that transmit pain impulses.
• (486) Nociceptors: A- delta fibers- extremes of
temperature, they rapidly transmit sharp, well
localized “fast” pain sensations. They are
responsible for causing reflex withdrawal of the
affected body part from the stimulus before a pain
sensation is perceived.
• Unmyelinated C fibers are stimulated by
mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors.
They transmit dull, aching, or burning sensations
that are poorly localized and longer lasting.
• A-beta fibers- transmit touch and vibration
sensations. They don’t normally transmit pain but
play a role in pain modulation.
8. Where in the CNS does pain perception occur?
❖ (487) The cerebral cortex
and Answers Latest Updated (Graded A+)-
University of South Alabama
1. Review the anatomy of the brain. Which portion is
responsible for keeping you awake, controlling
thought, speech, emotions and behavior, maintaining
balance and posture?
• Reticular formation (p.454)- large network of
connected tissue nuclei that regulate vital
reflexes, such as cardiovascular function and
respiration. Also, essential for maintaining
wakefulness and in conjunction with the
cerebral cortex is referred to as the reticular
activating system.
• Prefrontal Area- (p.456) goal oriented
behavior (concentrate) short term or recall
memory, and elaboration of thought and
inhibition on the limbic (emotional) areas of
the CNS
• Broca speech area- (457) motor aspects of
speech
• Wernicke area- (457) Responsible for
reception and interpretation of speech, and
dysfunction = receptive aphasia or dysphagia
• Limbic system & prefrontal cortex- (p.457)
Expression of affect (emotional and
behavioral states)
• Cerebellum- (459) balance and posture
2. Know the function of the arachnoid villi.
• (466) The arachnoid villi protrude from the
arachnoid space, through the dura mater,
and lie within the blood flow of the venous
sinuses. CSF is reabsorbed by means of a
pressure gradient between the pressure
, gradient between the arachnoid villi and the
cerebral venous sinuses. The villi function as
one-way valves directing CSF outflow into the
blood but preventing blood flow into the
subarachnoid space.
3. Where is the primary defect in Parkinsons disease and
Huntingtons?
• Basil Ganglia (457)
4. What is the function of the CSF? Where is it produced?
Where is it absorbed?
• (465) Intracranial and spinal cord structures
float in CSF and are partially protected from
jolts and blows. The buoyant properties of the
CSF also prevent the brain from tugging on
meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels
• The choroid plexuses in the lateral, third, and
fourth ventricles produce the major portion of
CSF
• (466) CSF is reabsorbed into the venous
circulation through the arachnoid villi,
primarily located superior to the falx cerebri
in the superior sagittal sinus. The CSF is
derived from the blood and after
circulating throughout the CNS, it
returns to the blood. (600ml/day
produced)
5. Review blood flow to the brain.
• (467) Arterial supply comes from internal carotid
arteries and vertebral arteries. The internal
carotid arteries originate from the common carotid
arteries and enter the cranium through the base
of the skull, and pass through the cavernous
sinus. After giving off some small branches, they
divide into the anterior and MCA’s. The vertebral
arteries, posteriorly, originate as branches off the
, subclavian arteries, pass through the transverse
foramina of the cervical vertebrae, and enter the
cranium through the foramen magnum. They join
at the junction of the pons and medulla oblongata
to form the basilar artery. That divides at the area
of the midbrain to form paired posterior cerebral
arteries. *fig. 15-20 pg 458
6. What is the gate control theory of pain?
• (485) Explains the complex multidimensional
aspects of pain perception and pain modulation.
Pain transmission is modulated by a balance of
impulses conducted to the spinal cord where cells
in the substantia gelatinosa. Nociceptive
transmissions on these fibers open the spinal gate
and increase the perception of pain. Closure or
partial closure of the spinal gates can occur from
non-nociceptive stimulation.
7. Know the type of nerve fibers that transmit pain impulses.
• (486) Nociceptors: A- delta fibers- extremes of
temperature, they rapidly transmit sharp, well
localized “fast” pain sensations. They are
responsible for causing reflex withdrawal of the
affected body part from the stimulus before a pain
sensation is perceived.
• Unmyelinated C fibers are stimulated by
mechanical, thermal, and chemical nociceptors.
They transmit dull, aching, or burning sensations
that are poorly localized and longer lasting.
• A-beta fibers- transmit touch and vibration
sensations. They don’t normally transmit pain but
play a role in pain modulation.
8. Where in the CNS does pain perception occur?
❖ (487) The cerebral cortex
