INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE EXAM 1
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Answer: Annually published
statistical summary of crimes reported to the police, based on
voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state, and federal law
enforcement agencies. Fails to reports crime not reported to police,
little detail about offenses, voluntary reports from police
departments, etc.
◉ National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Answer: A
reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a
crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim,
and property. (report all crimes committed during an incident - not
just the most serious one)
◉ National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS). Answer: Interviews
of samples of the U.S. population conducted by the Bureau of Justice
Statistics to determine the number and types of criminal
victimization and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported
crime. Imperfect: depend on victims perception of event.
◉ How are crime rates affected?. Answer: Crime rates are affected in
changes in social factors, such as the size of the cohort of young
,males in their crime prone years (ages 16-24) and the introduction
of new drugs or other criminal activities that affect social contexts in
certain communities.
◉ Victimology. Answer: A field of criminology that examines the role
the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact
of crimes on victims.
◉ Life Style Exposure Model. Answer: Demographic and subcultural
factors determine personal lifestyles, which in turn influence
exposure to victimization. Main elements include, Demographic
characteristics, adaptations, lifestyle, associations, exposure.
◉ Who is victimized?. Answer: Most victimized: Teenage African
Americans, male or female - varies by year; Least Victimized: Elderly
white females.
◉ Which crime is most likely committed by non strangers?. Answer:
Rape/sexual assault
◉ Which type of crime is most likely committed by strangers?.
Answer: Robbery
, ◉ Impact of Crime. Answer: Cost of Crime: economic costs,
psychological and emotional costs, and costs of operating the
criminal justice system.
Fear of Crime: fear limits freedom
◉ How is the fear of crime shaped, and how does it relate to the
actual crime rate?. Answer: People gain perceptions about crime
through the news media, movies, and television shows; thus,
perceptions and fears about crime often exceed the actual risks of
victimization.
◉ Why are poor people often less likely than others to take actions
to reduce the risk of crime?. Answer: Poor people often reside in
higher-crime areas without being able to afford home security
systems. The are also more likely to travel to and from work in the
evening if they work third shifts or have service occupations.
◉ Why do some victims feel mistreated by the justice system?.
Answer: The system focuses on finding and punishing the offender;
police and lawyers often question victims closely, in an un-
sympathetic manner; victims do not always receive assistance that
covers their medical expenses and losses.
◉ What rights have been provided in federal criminal cases by the
Justice for All Act?. Answer: Receive notice about hearing, attend
FINAL PAPER 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ Uniform Crime Reports (UCR). Answer: Annually published
statistical summary of crimes reported to the police, based on
voluntary reports to the FBI by local, state, and federal law
enforcement agencies. Fails to reports crime not reported to police,
little detail about offenses, voluntary reports from police
departments, etc.
◉ National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Answer: A
reporting system in which the police describe each offense in a
crime incident, together with data describing the offender, victim,
and property. (report all crimes committed during an incident - not
just the most serious one)
◉ National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS). Answer: Interviews
of samples of the U.S. population conducted by the Bureau of Justice
Statistics to determine the number and types of criminal
victimization and thus the extent of unreported as well as reported
crime. Imperfect: depend on victims perception of event.
◉ How are crime rates affected?. Answer: Crime rates are affected in
changes in social factors, such as the size of the cohort of young
,males in their crime prone years (ages 16-24) and the introduction
of new drugs or other criminal activities that affect social contexts in
certain communities.
◉ Victimology. Answer: A field of criminology that examines the role
the victim plays in precipitating a criminal incident and the impact
of crimes on victims.
◉ Life Style Exposure Model. Answer: Demographic and subcultural
factors determine personal lifestyles, which in turn influence
exposure to victimization. Main elements include, Demographic
characteristics, adaptations, lifestyle, associations, exposure.
◉ Who is victimized?. Answer: Most victimized: Teenage African
Americans, male or female - varies by year; Least Victimized: Elderly
white females.
◉ Which crime is most likely committed by non strangers?. Answer:
Rape/sexual assault
◉ Which type of crime is most likely committed by strangers?.
Answer: Robbery
, ◉ Impact of Crime. Answer: Cost of Crime: economic costs,
psychological and emotional costs, and costs of operating the
criminal justice system.
Fear of Crime: fear limits freedom
◉ How is the fear of crime shaped, and how does it relate to the
actual crime rate?. Answer: People gain perceptions about crime
through the news media, movies, and television shows; thus,
perceptions and fears about crime often exceed the actual risks of
victimization.
◉ Why are poor people often less likely than others to take actions
to reduce the risk of crime?. Answer: Poor people often reside in
higher-crime areas without being able to afford home security
systems. The are also more likely to travel to and from work in the
evening if they work third shifts or have service occupations.
◉ Why do some victims feel mistreated by the justice system?.
Answer: The system focuses on finding and punishing the offender;
police and lawyers often question victims closely, in an un-
sympathetic manner; victims do not always receive assistance that
covers their medical expenses and losses.
◉ What rights have been provided in federal criminal cases by the
Justice for All Act?. Answer: Receive notice about hearing, attend
