B250C MODULE 3 EXAM PREP PRACTICE SET
2026 FULL SOLUTION
◉ common alkylating agents. Answer: formaldehyde,
glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide, o-phthaldehyde
◉ peroxygens are _______ that can be used as disinfectants or
antiseptics. Answer: strong oxidizing agents
◉ how does h2o2 work?. Answer: - produces free radicals that
damage cellular macromolecules
- broad spectrum (against gram - and gram +)
◉ how does the disk-diffusion method test effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: a larger zone of inhibition after placing disks on
lawn of bacteria correlates with increased efficacy
◉ how does the phenol coefficient test the effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: - compares a chemical's antimicrobic
properties to those of phenol
- no longer used
,- PC of 1 = same efficacy as phenol
◉ how does the use-dilution test determine the effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: (on inanimate surface)
cylinder dipped in bacteria -> dipped in disinfectant solutions ->
cylinder transferred to tube with sterile medium
bacterial survival indicated by turbidity in medium
◉ how does the in-use test determine the effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: determines if an actively used solution of
disinfectant in a clinical setting is microbially contaminated
◉ how do dilution methods test the effectiveness of chemicals?.
Answer: measure minimum inhibitory concentration, contamination
of agent, or degradation
◉ Which antimicrobial was found in the remains of ancient
Nubians?. Answer: tetracycline, most likely from beer
◉ When was the introduction of modern drugs that caused the
"medical revolution?". Answer: the 1930s
,◉ Is it possible for antimicrobial drugs to eradicate infectious
disease?. Answer: probably not because excessive use of antibiotics
and lead to microbial resistance
◉ what was the first synthetic antimicrobial created?. Answer:
sulfanilamide
◉ which was the first natural antibiotic, and how was it discovered?.
Answer: penicillin
old plates of staphylococcal growth were inhibited by contaminating
mold growth
◉ what are the goals of antimicrobial chemotherapy?. Answer: the
drug destroys the infective agent but doesn't harm host cells
◉ what are the desired qualities of a drug?. Answer: - easy to
administer
- can reach infection anywhere in the body
- toxic to the infectious agent
- nontoxic to the host
- remain in the body as long as needed
- be safely and easily broke down/excreted
, ◉ what is semisynthetic antimicrobial?. Answer: chemically
modified derivative of a natural antibiotic
the chemical changes increase the range of target bacteria and
stability, and decrease toxicity
◉ What are examples of natural antimicrobials, and where are they
commonly found found?. Answer: - actinomycin, streptomycin,
neomycin
- bacteria in Actinomycetes (genus Streptomyces) and genus bacillus
- molds in genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium
◉ prophylaxis. Answer: use of a drug to prevent imminent infection
of a person at risk
◉ antimicrobial chemotheraphy. Answer: the use of
chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection
◉ antibiotics. Answer: substances produced by the natural
metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or
destroy other microorganisms
2026 FULL SOLUTION
◉ common alkylating agents. Answer: formaldehyde,
glutaraldehyde, ethylene oxide, o-phthaldehyde
◉ peroxygens are _______ that can be used as disinfectants or
antiseptics. Answer: strong oxidizing agents
◉ how does h2o2 work?. Answer: - produces free radicals that
damage cellular macromolecules
- broad spectrum (against gram - and gram +)
◉ how does the disk-diffusion method test effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: a larger zone of inhibition after placing disks on
lawn of bacteria correlates with increased efficacy
◉ how does the phenol coefficient test the effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: - compares a chemical's antimicrobic
properties to those of phenol
- no longer used
,- PC of 1 = same efficacy as phenol
◉ how does the use-dilution test determine the effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: (on inanimate surface)
cylinder dipped in bacteria -> dipped in disinfectant solutions ->
cylinder transferred to tube with sterile medium
bacterial survival indicated by turbidity in medium
◉ how does the in-use test determine the effectiveness of
chemicals?. Answer: determines if an actively used solution of
disinfectant in a clinical setting is microbially contaminated
◉ how do dilution methods test the effectiveness of chemicals?.
Answer: measure minimum inhibitory concentration, contamination
of agent, or degradation
◉ Which antimicrobial was found in the remains of ancient
Nubians?. Answer: tetracycline, most likely from beer
◉ When was the introduction of modern drugs that caused the
"medical revolution?". Answer: the 1930s
,◉ Is it possible for antimicrobial drugs to eradicate infectious
disease?. Answer: probably not because excessive use of antibiotics
and lead to microbial resistance
◉ what was the first synthetic antimicrobial created?. Answer:
sulfanilamide
◉ which was the first natural antibiotic, and how was it discovered?.
Answer: penicillin
old plates of staphylococcal growth were inhibited by contaminating
mold growth
◉ what are the goals of antimicrobial chemotherapy?. Answer: the
drug destroys the infective agent but doesn't harm host cells
◉ what are the desired qualities of a drug?. Answer: - easy to
administer
- can reach infection anywhere in the body
- toxic to the infectious agent
- nontoxic to the host
- remain in the body as long as needed
- be safely and easily broke down/excreted
, ◉ what is semisynthetic antimicrobial?. Answer: chemically
modified derivative of a natural antibiotic
the chemical changes increase the range of target bacteria and
stability, and decrease toxicity
◉ What are examples of natural antimicrobials, and where are they
commonly found found?. Answer: - actinomycin, streptomycin,
neomycin
- bacteria in Actinomycetes (genus Streptomyces) and genus bacillus
- molds in genera Penicillium and Cephalosporium
◉ prophylaxis. Answer: use of a drug to prevent imminent infection
of a person at risk
◉ antimicrobial chemotheraphy. Answer: the use of
chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection
◉ antibiotics. Answer: substances produced by the natural
metabolic processes of some microorganisms that can inhibit or
destroy other microorganisms
