PSY 657 FINAL EXAM COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS VERIFIED 2026
⩥ Cluster B personality disorders. Answer: antisocial, borderline,
histrionic, narcissistic
individuals with these disorders share a tendency to be dramatic,
emotional, and erratic
⩥ Cluster C personality disorders. Answer: avoidant, dependent,
obsessive-compulsive
people with these disorders often show anxiety and fearfulness
⩥ epidemiological studies. Answer: reveal the incidence and prevalence
of a disorder in a particular population
⩥ paranoid personality disorder (cluster A). Answer: A personality
disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others,
often reading hidden meanings into ordinary remarks. They tend to see
themselves as blameless, instead blaming others for their own mistakes
and failures--even to the point of ascribing evil motives to others. They
are chronically on guard and tense, looking for clues to validate their
expectations while disregarding all evidence to the contrary.
,Not psychotic, usually in clear contact with reality
⩥ schizoid personality disorder. Answer: Personality disorder
characterized by pervasive pattern of detachment and avoidance of
social relationships and little expression of emotion:
-have difficulties forming social relationships and usually lack much
interest in doing so. They are unable to express their feelings and are
seen as cold and distant.
- lack social skills, classified as loners and introverts with solitary
interests and occupations
-tend to not take pleasure in many activities
-not very emotionally reactive, rarely experience strong positive or
negative emotions, generally show apathetic mood
⩥ schizotypal personality disorder. Answer: Personality disorder
characterized by pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits
marked by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close
relationships and eccentricities of behavior:
-inappropriate or constricted affect
-have cognitive and perceptual distortions
-oddities and eccentricities in their communication and behavior
-highly personalized and superstitious thinking
-under extreme stress may experience transient psychotic symptoms
-they often believe they have magical powers and engage in magical
rituals
,-ideas of reference= belief that conversations or gestures of others have
special meaning or personal significance
-odd speech and paranoid beliefs
⩥ histrionic personality disorder. Answer: a personality disorder
characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being
the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
-tend to feel unappreciated if they are not center of attention, crave
stimulation and attention, appearance is theatrical and emotional as well
as sexually provocative
-may attempt to control their partners through seductive behavior and
emotional manipulation, but they also show a good deal of dependence
-speech is vague and impressionistic
⩥ narcissistic personality disorder. Answer: personality disorder
characterized by: an exaggerated sense of self importance, a
preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for the
feelings of others
-manifested by traits related to grandiosity, aggression, and dominance
-strong tendency to overestimate their abilities and accomplishments
while underestimating the abilities and accomplishments of others
-their sense of entitlement is frequently a source of astonishment to
others
-behave in stereotypical ways to gain the acclaim and recognition they
crave
, -think they can only be understood by other high-status people or should
only associate with such people
-their sense of entitlement is associated with unwillingness to forgive
others for perceived slights, and they easily take offense
⩥ antisocial personality disorder. Answer: -personality disorder with the
tendency to persistently disregard and violate the rights of others
through a combination of deceitful, aggressive and antisocial behaviors
-must have shown symptoms of conduct disorder before age 15
⩥ borderline personality disorder. Answer: Characterized by impulsivity
and instability in their interpersonal relationships, their self-image, and
their moods, and affective instability.
-Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonement.
-Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood; drastic and
rapid shifts from one emotion to another
-unusally intense emotional responses to environmental triggers and
slow return to a baseline emotional state
-chronic feelings of emptiness
-identity disturbance
-recurrent suicidal behavior, self-mutilation
-inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
-a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and
devaluation
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS VERIFIED 2026
⩥ Cluster B personality disorders. Answer: antisocial, borderline,
histrionic, narcissistic
individuals with these disorders share a tendency to be dramatic,
emotional, and erratic
⩥ Cluster C personality disorders. Answer: avoidant, dependent,
obsessive-compulsive
people with these disorders often show anxiety and fearfulness
⩥ epidemiological studies. Answer: reveal the incidence and prevalence
of a disorder in a particular population
⩥ paranoid personality disorder (cluster A). Answer: A personality
disorder marked by a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness of others,
often reading hidden meanings into ordinary remarks. They tend to see
themselves as blameless, instead blaming others for their own mistakes
and failures--even to the point of ascribing evil motives to others. They
are chronically on guard and tense, looking for clues to validate their
expectations while disregarding all evidence to the contrary.
,Not psychotic, usually in clear contact with reality
⩥ schizoid personality disorder. Answer: Personality disorder
characterized by pervasive pattern of detachment and avoidance of
social relationships and little expression of emotion:
-have difficulties forming social relationships and usually lack much
interest in doing so. They are unable to express their feelings and are
seen as cold and distant.
- lack social skills, classified as loners and introverts with solitary
interests and occupations
-tend to not take pleasure in many activities
-not very emotionally reactive, rarely experience strong positive or
negative emotions, generally show apathetic mood
⩥ schizotypal personality disorder. Answer: Personality disorder
characterized by pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits
marked by acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close
relationships and eccentricities of behavior:
-inappropriate or constricted affect
-have cognitive and perceptual distortions
-oddities and eccentricities in their communication and behavior
-highly personalized and superstitious thinking
-under extreme stress may experience transient psychotic symptoms
-they often believe they have magical powers and engage in magical
rituals
,-ideas of reference= belief that conversations or gestures of others have
special meaning or personal significance
-odd speech and paranoid beliefs
⩥ histrionic personality disorder. Answer: a personality disorder
characterized by excessive emotionality and preoccupation with being
the center of attention; emotional shallowness; overly dramatic behavior
-tend to feel unappreciated if they are not center of attention, crave
stimulation and attention, appearance is theatrical and emotional as well
as sexually provocative
-may attempt to control their partners through seductive behavior and
emotional manipulation, but they also show a good deal of dependence
-speech is vague and impressionistic
⩥ narcissistic personality disorder. Answer: personality disorder
characterized by: an exaggerated sense of self importance, a
preoccupation with being admired, and a lack of empathy for the
feelings of others
-manifested by traits related to grandiosity, aggression, and dominance
-strong tendency to overestimate their abilities and accomplishments
while underestimating the abilities and accomplishments of others
-their sense of entitlement is frequently a source of astonishment to
others
-behave in stereotypical ways to gain the acclaim and recognition they
crave
, -think they can only be understood by other high-status people or should
only associate with such people
-their sense of entitlement is associated with unwillingness to forgive
others for perceived slights, and they easily take offense
⩥ antisocial personality disorder. Answer: -personality disorder with the
tendency to persistently disregard and violate the rights of others
through a combination of deceitful, aggressive and antisocial behaviors
-must have shown symptoms of conduct disorder before age 15
⩥ borderline personality disorder. Answer: Characterized by impulsivity
and instability in their interpersonal relationships, their self-image, and
their moods, and affective instability.
-Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonement.
-Affective instability due to a marked reactivity of mood; drastic and
rapid shifts from one emotion to another
-unusally intense emotional responses to environmental triggers and
slow return to a baseline emotional state
-chronic feelings of emptiness
-identity disturbance
-recurrent suicidal behavior, self-mutilation
-inappropriate, intense anger or difficulty controlling anger
-a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships
characterized by alternating between extremes of idealization and
devaluation
