FNDH 620 UPDATED PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔oligo- saccharide definitions - ✔✔Medium length chains
Linked with the OH groups of neighboring monomer
Cannot break down - food for microbes in LI - gas
✔✔D vs. L stereoisomers for carbohydrates - ✔✔OH on right - D
OH on left - L
Most natural are in D
✔✔Sugar in the food supply - ✔✔*Starch in plants*
Amylose: 20%, straight chain (alpha 1-4)
Amylopectin: 80%, branched (alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6)
*Glycogen in animals*
Alpha 1-4 with more alpha 1-6 branchs
Not a significant source - decays after death
Storage form
✔✔Fiber recommendation for men and women under 50 - ✔✔
✔✔Carbohydrate digestion occurring in each organ of the GI tract - ✔✔Mouth: Salivary
amylase
Stomach: None
SI: Pancreatic amylase, Brush Border - maltase/sucrase/lactase/alpha-dextrinase
LI: Bacteria
✔✔Carbohydrate digestive enzymes - ✔✔Alpha-amylase
Alpha 1-6 dextrinase, isomaltase: brush border enzyme hydrolyse 1-6 linkage in starch
Enzymes in villi: maltase, lactase, sucrase
✔✔Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Response vs. Glycemic Load - ✔✔Response: degree
and duration of BG elevation after consumption of food
Index: comparison of GR to standard glucose (50g)
Load: GI compared to serving size
✔✔Glucose transport proteins enterocytes - ✔✔SGLT1: 2 sodium for 1 Glucose or
galactose compete, uses active transport
GLUT5: Fructose through passive diffusion
, ✔✔Glucose transport proteins cells - ✔✔GLUT 1 - basal glucose requirements, widely
expressed
GLUT 2 - active under hyperglycemic conditions, liver/pancreas/intestinal
GLUT 3 - neuron, even during hyperglycemia
GLUT 4 - insulin-sensitive
GLUT 5 - fructose transporter
GLUT 7 - ER membrane, transports free glucose into cytosol after G-6-phosphatase
and vital to hepatocytes during glycogen breakdown
✔✔Glycolysis Steps - ✔✔
✔✔Normal blood glucose range - ✔✔70-110 mg / 100 mL
✔✔Effect of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol on blood glucose levels. -
✔✔Lower BG in hyperglycemia - Insulin
Increase BG during hypoglycemia - Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol
✔✔Hexokinase and glucokinase - locations, similarities, differences - ✔✔Hexokinase:
all tissues, inhibited by G-6-phosphate
Glucokinase: hepatocytes, not inhibited by G6P
✔✔Where does pentose phosphate pathway diverge from glycolysis - ✔✔Glucose 6
phosphate
✔✔Products of glycolysis - ✔✔2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
✔✔First and final steps of glycolysis - ✔✔First: Glucose --(Hexokinase/Glucokinase)-->
Glucose 6 phosphate
Final: PEP --(Pyruvate Kinase)--> Pyruvate
✔✔Gluconeogenesis - ✔✔Glucose from noncarb sources (lactate, glycerol, amino
acids)
Liver
Pyruvate → oxaloacetate → malate (leave mitochondria) → oxaloacetate →
Phosphoenolpyruvate
✔✔Purpose of pentose phosphate pathway - ✔✔Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH to
Synthesize fatty acids and reduction of glutathione
Creation of ribose-5-phosphate
✔✔Intermediate step between glycolysis and Krebs cycle, reactants, products, and
enzyme - ✔✔Pyruvate oxidation
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔oligo- saccharide definitions - ✔✔Medium length chains
Linked with the OH groups of neighboring monomer
Cannot break down - food for microbes in LI - gas
✔✔D vs. L stereoisomers for carbohydrates - ✔✔OH on right - D
OH on left - L
Most natural are in D
✔✔Sugar in the food supply - ✔✔*Starch in plants*
Amylose: 20%, straight chain (alpha 1-4)
Amylopectin: 80%, branched (alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6)
*Glycogen in animals*
Alpha 1-4 with more alpha 1-6 branchs
Not a significant source - decays after death
Storage form
✔✔Fiber recommendation for men and women under 50 - ✔✔
✔✔Carbohydrate digestion occurring in each organ of the GI tract - ✔✔Mouth: Salivary
amylase
Stomach: None
SI: Pancreatic amylase, Brush Border - maltase/sucrase/lactase/alpha-dextrinase
LI: Bacteria
✔✔Carbohydrate digestive enzymes - ✔✔Alpha-amylase
Alpha 1-6 dextrinase, isomaltase: brush border enzyme hydrolyse 1-6 linkage in starch
Enzymes in villi: maltase, lactase, sucrase
✔✔Glycemic Index vs. Glycemic Response vs. Glycemic Load - ✔✔Response: degree
and duration of BG elevation after consumption of food
Index: comparison of GR to standard glucose (50g)
Load: GI compared to serving size
✔✔Glucose transport proteins enterocytes - ✔✔SGLT1: 2 sodium for 1 Glucose or
galactose compete, uses active transport
GLUT5: Fructose through passive diffusion
, ✔✔Glucose transport proteins cells - ✔✔GLUT 1 - basal glucose requirements, widely
expressed
GLUT 2 - active under hyperglycemic conditions, liver/pancreas/intestinal
GLUT 3 - neuron, even during hyperglycemia
GLUT 4 - insulin-sensitive
GLUT 5 - fructose transporter
GLUT 7 - ER membrane, transports free glucose into cytosol after G-6-phosphatase
and vital to hepatocytes during glycogen breakdown
✔✔Glycolysis Steps - ✔✔
✔✔Normal blood glucose range - ✔✔70-110 mg / 100 mL
✔✔Effect of insulin, glucagon, epinephrine and cortisol on blood glucose levels. -
✔✔Lower BG in hyperglycemia - Insulin
Increase BG during hypoglycemia - Glucagon, Epinephrine, Cortisol
✔✔Hexokinase and glucokinase - locations, similarities, differences - ✔✔Hexokinase:
all tissues, inhibited by G-6-phosphate
Glucokinase: hepatocytes, not inhibited by G6P
✔✔Where does pentose phosphate pathway diverge from glycolysis - ✔✔Glucose 6
phosphate
✔✔Products of glycolysis - ✔✔2 ATP
2 NADH
2 Pyruvate
✔✔First and final steps of glycolysis - ✔✔First: Glucose --(Hexokinase/Glucokinase)-->
Glucose 6 phosphate
Final: PEP --(Pyruvate Kinase)--> Pyruvate
✔✔Gluconeogenesis - ✔✔Glucose from noncarb sources (lactate, glycerol, amino
acids)
Liver
Pyruvate → oxaloacetate → malate (leave mitochondria) → oxaloacetate →
Phosphoenolpyruvate
✔✔Purpose of pentose phosphate pathway - ✔✔Reduction of NADP+ to NADPH to
Synthesize fatty acids and reduction of glutathione
Creation of ribose-5-phosphate
✔✔Intermediate step between glycolysis and Krebs cycle, reactants, products, and
enzyme - ✔✔Pyruvate oxidation
