FNDH 620 UPDATED CORE EXAMS MANUAL QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔This carbohydrate coat on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane helps with
receptor activities and cell to cell adhesion. - ✔✔Glycocalyx
✔✔Carbs + Protein = ? - ✔✔Glycoprotein
✔✔Carbs + Lipids = ? - ✔✔Glycolipids
✔✔Proteins + Glycosaminoglycans = ? - ✔✔Proteoglycans
✔✔Cells can be divided into what 2 major parts? - ✔✔- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
✔✔What is cytosol? - ✔✔Clear intracellular fluid containing dissolved, suspended, or
anchored substances.
- electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and lipids
✔✔- A tubular network (adjacent to nucleus)
- Major site of molecule formation & metabolism w/in cell - ✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum
✔✔Granular; site for protein synthesis, contains ribosomes - ✔✔Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
✔✔Agranular; site for phospholipid & cholesterol synthesis - ✔✔Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
✔✔This is a site of detoxification of drugs and alcohol; contains glucose-6-phosphatase
(important in metabolism) - ✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum
✔✔Layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles; builds some carbohydrates; molecule
processing; vesicle-forming activities; packaging site for exocytosis - ✔✔Golgi
Apparatus
✔✔The site of ATP production; Self-replicating; vary in size; population density depends
on oxidation energy demands of that cells; double membraned; Krebs cycle & Fatty
Acid oxidation occur here - ✔✔Mitochondria
✔✔Storage & Processing area for DNA; Enclosed within a Porous Nuclear envelope;
Most DNA within human cells is in the nucleus; all cells (except RBCs) contain this. -
✔✔Nucleus
,✔✔Made of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
Double-stranded chains - ✔✔DNA
✔✔- Produces a strand of mRNA complementary to the DNA gene
- Double-stranded DNA is opened, ribonucleotides are based-paired to DNA template
- Uracil
- Catalyzed by RNA polymerase - ✔✔Transcription
✔✔- Synthesis of proteins from nucleotide language
- Sequence of mRNA dictates which amino acids are linked together
- every set of 3 bases on mRNA is called a codon
- Codons code for a specific amino acid
- Occurs on ribosomal complexes
- tRNA attaches to amino acids & delivers them to ribosome - ✔✔Translation
✔✔What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? -
✔✔The production of ATP
✔✔What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? - ✔✔- Substrate level
phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔- A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
- Does NOT require oxygen - ✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation
✔✔- ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by
a series of electron carries
- Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the
mitochondrion called the electron transport chain
- takes place in the Mitochondria - ✔✔Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
✔✔How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? - ✔✔2 ATP
✔✔Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? -
✔✔The Krebs Cycle
✔✔In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they
carry? - ✔✔- NADH & FADH2
- these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain
✔✔What is produced during the Krebs cycle? - ✔✔2 ATP,6 NADH, FADH2, 4 CO2
, ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via __________ __________ by the ETC
(electron transport chain). - ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via *oxidative
phosphorylation* by the ETC (electron transport chain).
✔✔In the phsopholipid bilayer, proteins can be found as what? - ✔✔- ion channels
- transport proteins
✔✔True or False
Transport proteins can bind to substrate & bring into or out of cells. - ✔✔True
✔✔In our bodies, what are all enzymes composed of? - ✔✔Proteins
✔✔Where does the substrate of an enzyme bind with? - ✔✔active site
✔✔Where are hormones synthesized? - ✔✔Endocrine glands
✔✔What 2 methods of communication does our body use? - ✔✔- hormones
- nerve impulses
✔✔What is the function of a hormone? - ✔✔relay information and instructions between
cells
✔✔What are the GI systems main 2 jobs? - ✔✔- breakdown complex food components
into substance appropriate for absorption
- provide a means of waste removal
✔✔Name the layers of the GI wall from most interior to the outer exterior. - ✔✔- lumen
- mucosa
- muscularis mucosae
- submucosa
- circular smooth muscle
- longitudinal smooth muscle
- serosa
✔✔What layer of the GI wall secrets mucus and contains folds of the villi & microvilli? -
✔✔Mucosa
✔✔This provides an entry to the GI tract. - ✔✔The mouth & pharynx
✔✔Muscular entry to stomach. - ✔✔Esophagus
✔✔A j-shaped organ situated beneath the diaphragm. - ✔✔Stomach
AND SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔This carbohydrate coat on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane helps with
receptor activities and cell to cell adhesion. - ✔✔Glycocalyx
✔✔Carbs + Protein = ? - ✔✔Glycoprotein
✔✔Carbs + Lipids = ? - ✔✔Glycolipids
✔✔Proteins + Glycosaminoglycans = ? - ✔✔Proteoglycans
✔✔Cells can be divided into what 2 major parts? - ✔✔- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
✔✔What is cytosol? - ✔✔Clear intracellular fluid containing dissolved, suspended, or
anchored substances.
- electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and lipids
✔✔- A tubular network (adjacent to nucleus)
- Major site of molecule formation & metabolism w/in cell - ✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum
✔✔Granular; site for protein synthesis, contains ribosomes - ✔✔Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
✔✔Agranular; site for phospholipid & cholesterol synthesis - ✔✔Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
✔✔This is a site of detoxification of drugs and alcohol; contains glucose-6-phosphatase
(important in metabolism) - ✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum
✔✔Layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles; builds some carbohydrates; molecule
processing; vesicle-forming activities; packaging site for exocytosis - ✔✔Golgi
Apparatus
✔✔The site of ATP production; Self-replicating; vary in size; population density depends
on oxidation energy demands of that cells; double membraned; Krebs cycle & Fatty
Acid oxidation occur here - ✔✔Mitochondria
✔✔Storage & Processing area for DNA; Enclosed within a Porous Nuclear envelope;
Most DNA within human cells is in the nucleus; all cells (except RBCs) contain this. -
✔✔Nucleus
,✔✔Made of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine)
Double-stranded chains - ✔✔DNA
✔✔- Produces a strand of mRNA complementary to the DNA gene
- Double-stranded DNA is opened, ribonucleotides are based-paired to DNA template
- Uracil
- Catalyzed by RNA polymerase - ✔✔Transcription
✔✔- Synthesis of proteins from nucleotide language
- Sequence of mRNA dictates which amino acids are linked together
- every set of 3 bases on mRNA is called a codon
- Codons code for a specific amino acid
- Occurs on ribosomal complexes
- tRNA attaches to amino acids & delivers them to ribosome - ✔✔Translation
✔✔What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? -
✔✔The production of ATP
✔✔What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? - ✔✔- Substrate level
phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔- A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
- Does NOT require oxygen - ✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation
✔✔- ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by
a series of electron carries
- Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the
mitochondrion called the electron transport chain
- takes place in the Mitochondria - ✔✔Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
✔✔How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? - ✔✔2 ATP
✔✔Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? -
✔✔The Krebs Cycle
✔✔In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they
carry? - ✔✔- NADH & FADH2
- these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain
✔✔What is produced during the Krebs cycle? - ✔✔2 ATP,6 NADH, FADH2, 4 CO2
, ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via __________ __________ by the ETC
(electron transport chain). - ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via *oxidative
phosphorylation* by the ETC (electron transport chain).
✔✔In the phsopholipid bilayer, proteins can be found as what? - ✔✔- ion channels
- transport proteins
✔✔True or False
Transport proteins can bind to substrate & bring into or out of cells. - ✔✔True
✔✔In our bodies, what are all enzymes composed of? - ✔✔Proteins
✔✔Where does the substrate of an enzyme bind with? - ✔✔active site
✔✔Where are hormones synthesized? - ✔✔Endocrine glands
✔✔What 2 methods of communication does our body use? - ✔✔- hormones
- nerve impulses
✔✔What is the function of a hormone? - ✔✔relay information and instructions between
cells
✔✔What are the GI systems main 2 jobs? - ✔✔- breakdown complex food components
into substance appropriate for absorption
- provide a means of waste removal
✔✔Name the layers of the GI wall from most interior to the outer exterior. - ✔✔- lumen
- mucosa
- muscularis mucosae
- submucosa
- circular smooth muscle
- longitudinal smooth muscle
- serosa
✔✔What layer of the GI wall secrets mucus and contains folds of the villi & microvilli? -
✔✔Mucosa
✔✔This provides an entry to the GI tract. - ✔✔The mouth & pharynx
✔✔Muscular entry to stomach. - ✔✔Esophagus
✔✔A j-shaped organ situated beneath the diaphragm. - ✔✔Stomach
