FNDH 620 UPDATED END OF COURSE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? -
✔✔The production of ATP
✔✔What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? - ✔✔- Substrate level
phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔- A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
- Does NOT require oxygen - ✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation
✔✔- ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by
a series of electron carries
- Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the
mitochondrion called the electron transport chain
- takes place in the Mitochondria - ✔✔Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
✔✔How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? - ✔✔2 ATP
✔✔Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? -
✔✔The Krebs Cycle
✔✔In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they
carry? - ✔✔- NADH & FADH2
- these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain
✔✔What is produced during the Krebs cycle? - ✔✔2 ATP,6 NADH, FADH2, 4 CO2
✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via __________ __________ by the ETC
(electron transport chain). - ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via *oxidative
phosphorylation* by the ETC (electron transport chain).
✔✔In the phsopholipid bilayer, proteins can be found as what? - ✔✔- ion channels
- transport proteins
✔✔True or False
Transport proteins can bind to substrate & bring into or out of cells. - ✔✔True
,✔✔In our bodies, what are all enzymes composed of? - ✔✔Proteins
✔✔Where does the substrate of an enzyme bind with? - ✔✔active site
✔✔Where are hormones synthesized? - ✔✔Endocrine glands
✔✔What 2 methods of communication does our body use? - ✔✔- hormones
- nerve impulses
✔✔What is the function of a hormone? - ✔✔relay information and instructions between
cells
✔✔What are the GI systems main 2 jobs? - ✔✔- breakdown complex food components
into substance appropriate for absorption
- provide a means of waste removal
✔✔Name the layers of the GI wall from most interior to the outer exterior. - ✔✔- lumen
- mucosa
- muscularis mucosae
- submucosa
- circular smooth muscle
- longitudinal smooth muscle
- serosa
✔✔What layer of the GI wall secrets mucus and contains folds of the villi & microvilli? -
✔✔Mucosa
✔✔This provides an entry to the GI tract. - ✔✔The mouth & pharynx
✔✔Muscular entry to stomach. - ✔✔Esophagus
✔✔A j-shaped organ situated beneath the diaphragm. - ✔✔Stomach
✔✔The uppermost portion of the stomach is called the __________. - ✔✔Fundus
✔✔The main, or bulk, of the stomach is refered to as the __________. - ✔✔Body
✔✔The end of the stomach, the furthest from fundus, is called the __________. -
✔✔Antrum
✔✔The primary type of gastric gland found throughout the stomach are __________. -
✔✔Oxyntic Glands
- means acid secreting
, ✔✔What types of gastric secretions can be found in the stomach? - ✔✔- HCL
- Intrinsic Factor
- Pepsinogen
- Gastrin
- Mucus
- other substances
✔✔The entry point of secretions from the liver, gallbladder, & pancreas via the common
bile duct is where? - ✔✔Duodenum
✔✔Where is the primary site of digestion and absorption? - ✔✔The Small Intestine
✔✔Folds in the small intestine are modifications that specialize the organ. They
increase the surface area by about ~600x! What are these folds called? - ✔✔- Folds of
Kerckring
- Villi
- Microvilli
✔✔What is absorbed in the capillaries of the villi? - ✔✔Small water-soluble nutrients
✔✔What is absorbed in the central lacteal of the villi? - ✔✔Lipid-soluble substances
✔✔Substances that enter the central lacteal enter as part of what? - ✔✔A lipoprotein
called a chylomicron
✔✔What do goblet cells secrete? - ✔✔Mucus
✔✔Contents of the small intestine lead into where? - ✔✔The large intestine
✔✔Where is a rich bacterial population located and a site of water & electrolyte
absorption? - ✔✔The large intestine
✔✔In the stomach, smooth muscle contractions that mix and propel the contents are
controlled by what system? - ✔✔The Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
✔✔The GI tracts own nervous system is called? - ✔✔The Enteric Nervous System
✔✔What 2 plexuses make up the Enteric Nervous System? - ✔✔- Myenteric Plexus
- Submucosa Plexus
✔✔-Auerbach; the outer plexus
- located between the longitudinal & circular smooth muscles
SOLUTIONS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? -
✔✔The production of ATP
✔✔What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? - ✔✔- Substrate level
phosphorylation
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔- A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP
- Does NOT require oxygen - ✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation
✔✔- ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by
a series of electron carries
- Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the
mitochondrion called the electron transport chain
- takes place in the Mitochondria - ✔✔Oxidative Phosphorylation
✔✔Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol.
✔✔How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? - ✔✔2 ATP
✔✔Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? -
✔✔The Krebs Cycle
✔✔In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they
carry? - ✔✔- NADH & FADH2
- these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain
✔✔What is produced during the Krebs cycle? - ✔✔2 ATP,6 NADH, FADH2, 4 CO2
✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via __________ __________ by the ETC
(electron transport chain). - ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via *oxidative
phosphorylation* by the ETC (electron transport chain).
✔✔In the phsopholipid bilayer, proteins can be found as what? - ✔✔- ion channels
- transport proteins
✔✔True or False
Transport proteins can bind to substrate & bring into or out of cells. - ✔✔True
,✔✔In our bodies, what are all enzymes composed of? - ✔✔Proteins
✔✔Where does the substrate of an enzyme bind with? - ✔✔active site
✔✔Where are hormones synthesized? - ✔✔Endocrine glands
✔✔What 2 methods of communication does our body use? - ✔✔- hormones
- nerve impulses
✔✔What is the function of a hormone? - ✔✔relay information and instructions between
cells
✔✔What are the GI systems main 2 jobs? - ✔✔- breakdown complex food components
into substance appropriate for absorption
- provide a means of waste removal
✔✔Name the layers of the GI wall from most interior to the outer exterior. - ✔✔- lumen
- mucosa
- muscularis mucosae
- submucosa
- circular smooth muscle
- longitudinal smooth muscle
- serosa
✔✔What layer of the GI wall secrets mucus and contains folds of the villi & microvilli? -
✔✔Mucosa
✔✔This provides an entry to the GI tract. - ✔✔The mouth & pharynx
✔✔Muscular entry to stomach. - ✔✔Esophagus
✔✔A j-shaped organ situated beneath the diaphragm. - ✔✔Stomach
✔✔The uppermost portion of the stomach is called the __________. - ✔✔Fundus
✔✔The main, or bulk, of the stomach is refered to as the __________. - ✔✔Body
✔✔The end of the stomach, the furthest from fundus, is called the __________. -
✔✔Antrum
✔✔The primary type of gastric gland found throughout the stomach are __________. -
✔✔Oxyntic Glands
- means acid secreting
, ✔✔What types of gastric secretions can be found in the stomach? - ✔✔- HCL
- Intrinsic Factor
- Pepsinogen
- Gastrin
- Mucus
- other substances
✔✔The entry point of secretions from the liver, gallbladder, & pancreas via the common
bile duct is where? - ✔✔Duodenum
✔✔Where is the primary site of digestion and absorption? - ✔✔The Small Intestine
✔✔Folds in the small intestine are modifications that specialize the organ. They
increase the surface area by about ~600x! What are these folds called? - ✔✔- Folds of
Kerckring
- Villi
- Microvilli
✔✔What is absorbed in the capillaries of the villi? - ✔✔Small water-soluble nutrients
✔✔What is absorbed in the central lacteal of the villi? - ✔✔Lipid-soluble substances
✔✔Substances that enter the central lacteal enter as part of what? - ✔✔A lipoprotein
called a chylomicron
✔✔What do goblet cells secrete? - ✔✔Mucus
✔✔Contents of the small intestine lead into where? - ✔✔The large intestine
✔✔Where is a rich bacterial population located and a site of water & electrolyte
absorption? - ✔✔The large intestine
✔✔In the stomach, smooth muscle contractions that mix and propel the contents are
controlled by what system? - ✔✔The Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
✔✔The GI tracts own nervous system is called? - ✔✔The Enteric Nervous System
✔✔What 2 plexuses make up the Enteric Nervous System? - ✔✔- Myenteric Plexus
- Submucosa Plexus
✔✔-Auerbach; the outer plexus
- located between the longitudinal & circular smooth muscles
