APHY 102 IVY TECH SPRING 2023 FINAL
EXAM STUDY GUIDE UPDATED REVIEW
COLLECTION 2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What is a hormone and how does it act? Answer: Hormones are
chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target
tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
⩥ Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. Answer: o Insulin helps
the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the cells
with glucose for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the
pancreas releases glucagon.
o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes
blood sugar to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon
breaks down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from
glucose.
⩥ How are pheromones different than hormones? Answer: o Hormones
are both produced and act inside the body of an organism whereas,
o pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body.
Hormone changes the interior of the body and finally causes to have
,behavioral alterations, whereas pheromones are capable of directly
changing the social behaviors of others. Hormones are present in both
animals and plants, but pheromones are present in animals only
⩥ How is inhibin used in the body? Answer: One of two hormones
(designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli
cells in the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and that inhibit
the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary
gland.
⩥ Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands. Answer: o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but
affect only neighboring cells.
o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the
bloodstream and act on target cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
⩥ How is diabetes insipidus different than diabetes mellitus? Answer: o
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood
while
o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to conserve
water
,⩥ Describe steroid hormones. Answer: All steroid hormones are derived
from cholesterol. These include sex hormones, such as testosterone and
the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal cortex, including aldosterone
and cortisol
⩥ Describe tropic hormones Answer: a hormone that stimulates an
endocrine gland to grow and secrete it's hormones.
⩥ Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. Answer: Blood
is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC
count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in
females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal
blood pH is around 7.4.
⩥ How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
Answer: o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on
the RBC membranes.
o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
§ If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
form to fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her
baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or
hemolytic disease
, ⩥ What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found
in the plasma? How do these create different blood types? Answer: o
Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies are associated with some blood types; in general, a person
produces antibodies against antigens that are not present on his/her RBC
membranes. The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an
individual's blood group.
⩥ Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. Answer: o
Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight
infections, elevated in bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight
allergic reactions and against parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of
WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and
heparin, <1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei,
become macrophages, 3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells,
and other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus
surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce
antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
⩥ Compare the formed elements of the blood. Answer: o Form mostly in
red bone marrow, and are called "formed elements":
EXAM STUDY GUIDE UPDATED REVIEW
COLLECTION 2026 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ What is a hormone and how does it act? Answer: Hormones are
chemical messengers that are responsible for regulation. They are
secreted into body fluids, mainly blood. It has specific actions on target
tissues, which are any tissue that has specific receptors for that particular
hormone.
⩥ Compare and contrast glucagon and insulin. Answer: o Insulin helps
the cells absorb glucose, reducing blood sugar and providing the cells
with glucose for energy. When blood sugar levels are too low, the
pancreas releases glucagon.
o Glucagon instructs the liver to release stored glucose, which causes
blood sugar to rise.
• Both work to keep blood glucose concentration constant, but glucagon
breaks down glycogen into glucose and insulin forms glycogen from
glucose.
⩥ How are pheromones different than hormones? Answer: o Hormones
are both produced and act inside the body of an organism whereas,
o pheromones are produced interiorly, but function outside the body.
Hormone changes the interior of the body and finally causes to have
,behavioral alterations, whereas pheromones are capable of directly
changing the social behaviors of others. Hormones are present in both
animals and plants, but pheromones are present in animals only
⩥ How is inhibin used in the body? Answer: One of two hormones
(designated inhibin-A and inhibin-B) secreted by the gonads (by Sertoli
cells in the male and the granulosa cells in the female) and that inhibit
the production of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) by the pituitary
gland.
⩥ Differentiate between paracrine, autocrine, endocrine, and exocrine
glands. Answer: o Paracrine - hormones enter the interstitial fluid but
affect only neighboring cells.
o Autocrine - hormones affect only the secreting cell.
o Endocrine - hormones are secreted from the interstitial fluid into the
bloodstream and act on target cells.
o Exocrine - secretions enter tubes or ducts that lead to body surfaces.
⩥ How is diabetes insipidus different than diabetes mellitus? Answer: o
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood
while
o diabetes insipidus is a disease where kidneys are unable to conserve
water
,⩥ Describe steroid hormones. Answer: All steroid hormones are derived
from cholesterol. These include sex hormones, such as testosterone and
the estrogens, and secretion of the adrenal cortex, including aldosterone
and cortisol
⩥ Describe tropic hormones Answer: a hormone that stimulates an
endocrine gland to grow and secrete it's hormones.
⩥ Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. Answer: Blood
is about 8% of body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L. RBC
count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in
females. WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood. Normal
blood pH is around 7.4.
⩥ How does the Rh factor affect a developing fetus and its mother?
Answer: o Rh positive - presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on
the RBC membranes.
o Rh negative - lack of these antigens
§ If a mother is Rh negative and her baby is Rh positive, her antibodies
form to fight Rh-positive blood cells. If a mother is Rh positive and her
baby is Rh positive, her antibodies attack the baby's RBC.
Complications can lead the baby to develop erythroblastosis fetalis or
hemolytic disease
, ⩥ What antigens can be found on RBC? What antibodies can be found
in the plasma? How do these create different blood types? Answer: o
Antigens: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies: A, B, AB, or none.
o Antibodies are associated with some blood types; in general, a person
produces antibodies against antigens that are not present on his/her RBC
membranes. The antigens expressed on the red blood cell determine an
individual's blood group.
⩥ Describe the different leukocytes and their origins. Answer: o
Neutrophils - most numerous, 54-62% of WBCs, first to arrive to fight
infections, elevated in bacterial infections, multi-lobed nucleus.
o Eosinophils - deep red granules in acid stain, bi-lobed nucleus, fight
allergic reactions and against parasitic worm infestations, 1-3% of
WBCs.
o Basophils - Deep blue granules in basic stain, release histamine and
heparin, <1% of WBCs.
o Monocytes - largest of all blood cells, kidney- or oval-shaped nuclei,
become macrophages, 3-9% of WBCs, phagocytize bacteria, dead cells,
and other debris.
o Lymphocytes - slightly larger than RBCs, large spherical nucleus
surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm, T and B cells, B cells produce
antibodies, 25-33% of WBCs.
⩥ Compare the formed elements of the blood. Answer: o Form mostly in
red bone marrow, and are called "formed elements":
