PSY 657 MIDTERM EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
Psychoanalytic therapy - Answers Founder: Sigmund Freud. A theory of personality development, a
philosophy of human nature, and a method of [blank] that focuses on unconscious factors that
motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the
later development of personality.
Adlerian therapy - Answers Founder: Alfred Adler. Key Figure: Rudolf Dreikurs. Following Adler,
Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that
stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create
a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.
Existential therapy - Answers Key Figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom. Reacting against
the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building
therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to
shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic
relationship.
Person-centered therapy - Answers Founder: Carl Rogers. Key Figure: Natalie Rogers. This approach
was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a
subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the
client in dealing with problems and concerns.
Intake with Stan - Answers - convicted of DUI
- judge sent to therapy for drinking
- recognizes has a problem, but not with alcohol
Intro Stan - Answers - construction worker
- loner
- wants connection but struggles with it
Gwen - Answers - not a person but a compilation of individual clients seen over the years
- long work hours with little outside socializing
- feeling of numbness
Countertransference - Answers defined broadly, includes any of our projections that influence the
way we perceive and react to a client
Confidentiality - Answers ethical concept
Privileged communication - Answers legal concept
meta thoughts - Answers belief perseverance
belief perseverance - Answers believe something in the face of conflicting evidence
descriptions are considered - Answers objective
evaluations - Answers subjective
reification error - Answers treating an abstract concept (construct) like an actual object, ex: soul,
personality, etc.
event theory (e theory) - Answers explanations that allow for direct measurement
construct theory (c theory) - Answers not directly measurable because explanations are intangible
dichotomous - Answers two possible outcomes
continuous - Answers infinite outcomes
similarity/uniqueness paradox - Answers depends on which sorting variable one is focusing on
point of critical distinction - Answers point where phenomena differ
masking - Answers - stereotyping
- cultural differences
barnum effect - Answers overly inclusive generalization that is true of almost everyone, ex: star signs
fundamental attribution error (fae) - Answers evaluate behavior based on internal and external
influences
cognitive bias - Answers mental shortcut
actor-observer bias - Answers - when others: personality
- when us: situational
motivational bias - Answers mistakes stemming from our efforts to satisfy our personal needs
"if I feel it it must be true" fallacy - Answers - feelings are useful
- feelings aren't facts
spectacular explanation fallacy - Answers extraordinary events are due to a law of probability
assimilation bias - Answers - have unique and automatic tendency to categorize, classify, and organize
Psychoanalytic therapy - Answers Founder: Sigmund Freud. A theory of personality development, a
philosophy of human nature, and a method of [blank] that focuses on unconscious factors that
motivate behavior. Attention is given to the events of the first six years of life as determinants of the
later development of personality.
Adlerian therapy - Answers Founder: Alfred Adler. Key Figure: Rudolf Dreikurs. Following Adler,
Dreikurs is credited with popularizing this approach in the United States. This is a growth model that
stresses assuming responsibility, creating one's own destiny, and finding meaning and goals to create
a purposeful life. Key concepts are used in most other current therapies.
Existential therapy - Answers Key Figures: Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, and Irvin Yalom. Reacting against
the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses building
therapy on the basic conditions of human existence, such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to
shape one's life, and self-determination. It focuses on the quality of the person-to-person therapeutic
relationship.
Person-centered therapy - Answers Founder: Carl Rogers. Key Figure: Natalie Rogers. This approach
was developed during the 1940s as a nondirective reaction against psychoanalysis. Based on a
subjective view of human experiencing, it places faith in and gives responsibility to the
client in dealing with problems and concerns.
Intake with Stan - Answers - convicted of DUI
- judge sent to therapy for drinking
- recognizes has a problem, but not with alcohol
Intro Stan - Answers - construction worker
- loner
- wants connection but struggles with it
Gwen - Answers - not a person but a compilation of individual clients seen over the years
- long work hours with little outside socializing
- feeling of numbness
Countertransference - Answers defined broadly, includes any of our projections that influence the
way we perceive and react to a client
Confidentiality - Answers ethical concept
Privileged communication - Answers legal concept
meta thoughts - Answers belief perseverance
belief perseverance - Answers believe something in the face of conflicting evidence
descriptions are considered - Answers objective
evaluations - Answers subjective
reification error - Answers treating an abstract concept (construct) like an actual object, ex: soul,
personality, etc.
event theory (e theory) - Answers explanations that allow for direct measurement
construct theory (c theory) - Answers not directly measurable because explanations are intangible
dichotomous - Answers two possible outcomes
continuous - Answers infinite outcomes
similarity/uniqueness paradox - Answers depends on which sorting variable one is focusing on
point of critical distinction - Answers point where phenomena differ
masking - Answers - stereotyping
- cultural differences
barnum effect - Answers overly inclusive generalization that is true of almost everyone, ex: star signs
fundamental attribution error (fae) - Answers evaluate behavior based on internal and external
influences
cognitive bias - Answers mental shortcut
actor-observer bias - Answers - when others: personality
- when us: situational
motivational bias - Answers mistakes stemming from our efforts to satisfy our personal needs
"if I feel it it must be true" fallacy - Answers - feelings are useful
- feelings aren't facts
spectacular explanation fallacy - Answers extraordinary events are due to a law of probability
assimilation bias - Answers - have unique and automatic tendency to categorize, classify, and organize
