BIOL 2402 Ch 17 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BIOL 2402 Ch 17 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 blood composition - Answers this is made up of fluid connective tissue - plasma - formed elements Plasma - Answers What is on top when a blood is separated in a centrifuge? Buffy coat - Answers What is in the middle when blood is separated in a centrifuge? Erythrocytes - Answers What is on the bottom when blood is separated in a centrifuge? Hematocrit - Answers the percent of blood volume that is RBCs Menstrual cycles - Answers Men have more RBCs because they don't have blood - Answers sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste - color varies with oxygen content scarlet - Answers If you have high oxygen, the blood is ____ colored dark red - Answers if you have low oxygen, the blood is ___ colored 7.35 - Answers what is the average pH of blood? 5-6L - Answers What is the average volume of blood for males? 4-5L - Answers What is the average volume of blood for females? functions of blood - Answers distributing services - regulating blood levels of substances - protection Blood plasma - Answers 90% water - over 100 dissolved solutes Plasma proteins - Answers most abundant solutes in blood plasma fibrinogen - Answers generates fibers and it helps to make things stronger Albumin - Answers 60% of the plasma proteins - substance carrier - blood buffer - major contributor of plasma osmotic pressure Formed elements - Answers survive in bloodstream only a few days - consist of WBCs, platelets and RBCs WBCs - Answers Which are the only complete blood cells? RBCs - Answers Which cells have no nucleus? Camels - Answers What mammal has nuclei in RBCs? bone marrow - Answers Where do most blood cells originate? Erythrocytes - Answers biconcave discs - anucleate - essentially no organelles - filled with hemoglobin - major factors that contributes to viscosity Spectrin - Answers found in RBCs - provides flexibility to change shape RBCs - Answers 7.5 microns width, 2.5 microns high globin - Answers composed of 4 polypeptide chains - two alphas and two betas heme - Answers pigment bonded to each globin chain - gives blood its red color oxyhemoglobin - Answers produced when oxygen is loading in lungs Deoxyhemoglobin - Answers produced when oxygen is unloading in tissues carbaminohemoglobin - Answers when 20% of CO2 binds to Hb Hematopoiesis - Answers blood cell formation in red bone marrow - happens in the axial skeleton - makes pretty much all blood cells Hemocytoblasts - Answers hematpoietic stem cells - have the ability to make either red/white cells hormones/growth factors - Answers these are what push a cell towards a specific pathway of blood cell development pluripotent - Answers means 'can become many different things' Erythropoiesis - Answers red blood cell production proerythroblast - Answers in the first stage of erythropoiesis, myeloid stem cells are converted to a myeloid stem cell transformation - Answers ribosomes synthesized - hemoglobin synthesized - ejection of nucleus - ribosomes then degraded 15 days - Answers How long do RBCs stay proerythroblasts? tissue hypoxia - Answers occurs because of too few RBCs blood viscosity - Answers this increases because of too many RBCs 2 million - Answers more than ______ RBCs are made per second basophilic cell - Answers proerythroblasts develop into a polychromatic cell - Answers basophilic cells develop into a orthochromatic erythroblasts - Answers polychromatic cells develop into reticulocytes - Answers orthochromatic erythroblasts develop into mature RBCs - Answers reticulocytes develop into Erythropoietin (EPO) - Answers direct stimulus for erythropoiesis - there is always a small amount in the blood to maintain basal rate kidneys - Answers EPO is released by the ______ in response to hypoxia and goes into the bone marrow Causes of hypoxia - Answers decreased RBCs - insufficient hemoglobin - reduced oxygen Effects of EPO - Answers rapid maturation of committed blood cells - increased circulating reticulocyte count amino acids, lipids, carbs - Answers must have these nutrients in order to go through erythropoiesis Iron - Answers available from diet - rests in liver, spleen and bone marrow - free ions of this can be toxic Vitamin B12 and folic acid - Answers must also have these for DNA synthesis for rapidly dividing cells 100-120 days - Answers life span of a red blood cell Macrophages - Answers these digest RBC's in the spleen bilirubin - Answers heme is degraded to the yellow pigment called liver - Answers the ____ secretes bilirubin into intestines stercobilin - Answers the pigment leaves in feces as ____