BIOL 2402 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026

BIOL 2402 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026 What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) do? - Answers Triggers cortisol production Which layer of the adrenal cortex produces cortisol? - Answers Zona fasciculata Why does the body use a second messenger system for some hormones? - Answers -Certain hormones cannot enter cells directly -Second messengers amplify hormonal signals -Second messenger systems can be more easily controlled If the pituitary were to release TSH into the bloodstream, what would you expect to happen first? - Answers Thyroxine levels in the blood would spike Which of the following organs doubles as a major endocrine gland? - Answers The pancreas How do steroid-based hormones trigger changes in cells? - Answers They change which genes are readable Which of these situations would trigger the release of excess leptin? - Answers Overeating for several weeks You haven't eaten in a few hours and are very hungry. Which hormone is going to be released in response to this? - Answers Glucagon Which of these hormones is amino acid-based? Select all that apply: a. Cortisol b. Insulin c. Growth Hormone d. Aldosterone - Answers -growth hormone -insulin Why do the two lobes of the pituitary have such different functionality? - Answers They develop from different tissues Why do lymphatic vessels need smooth muscle to function correctly? - Answers There is not enough pressure to move lymph otherwise Which layer of the blood vessel contains most of its smooth muscle? - Answers Tunica media What is the function of serous fluid? - Answers Reduce friction on the heart Which of these is true about the cardiac cycle? - Answers Both atria contract at the same time Which type of blood vessel has the highest internal pressure? - Answers Elastic arteries If the brain were to cause the sinoatrial node to fire too quickly, how would the atrioventricular node react? - Answers It would decrease the rate of contraction signals What triggers the release of renin? - Answers Low blood pressure Which heart valves use papillary muscles? - Answers -mitral -tricuspid Which layer is NOT part of the heart wall? a. Myocardium b. Parietal pericardium c. Visceral pericardium d. Endocardium - Answers parietal pericardium What is the function of precapillary sphincters? - Answers To control blood flow into capillary beds How many unique antigens can each lymphocyte recognize? - Answers 1 Why do immune cells generally not attack other cells of the body? - Answers Body cells express major histocompatibility complex proteins Which of the following would be most likely to trigger an adaptive immune response? a. A particular sequence of DNA in a bacterial chromosome b. A small protein that moves ions in a bacterial cell membrane c. A large glycoprotein on the surface of a bacterial cell d. A bacterial ribosome - Answers c. A large glycoprotein on the surface of a bacterial cell Which of the following are a part of the innate immune system? Select all that apply: a. NK cells b. Interferons c. Macrophages d. Lymphocytes - Answers -NK cells -Macrophages -Interferons Which immune cell is capable of killing other body cells? - Answers NK cells What is the first type of antibody to be released when an antigen is detected? - Answers IgM Which piece of the immune system contributes the most to preventing disease? - Answers The epidermis You are bitten by a poisonous snake. The poison molecules are flowing through your bloodstream, but they are soluble and your WBCs are powerless to stop them. Which antibody response would your immune system mount in response to this challenge? - Answers Precipitation Why are neutrophils usually the first immune cells to the site of damage? - Answers There are so many compared to other WBCs they are likely to be near any damage What do plasma cells do? - Answers Produce and secrete antibodies How do the lungs clear material from the alveoli and terminal bronchioles? - Answers Peristalsis of smooth muscle Why would a stab wound that punctured a lung be particularly dangerous in the short-term? - Answers The inside of the lung would always be at atmospheric pressure, preventing breathing Why does the upper respiratory system actively prevent air from quickly entering the lungs? Select all that apply: a. It allows the incoming air to reach body temperature b. It allows the incoming air to absorb more oxygen c. It allows the incoming air to be moisturized d. It allows the incoming air to be cleaned - Answers -It allows the incoming air to reach body temperature -It allows the incoming air to be moisturized -It allows the incoming air to be cleaned