Pathology 101 Physical Therapy Midterm Practice Review Exam 2026

Pathology 101 Physical Therapy Midterm Practice Review Exam 2026 Anatomy and Physiology of a Normal Cell - -Nucleus, DNA, RNA, Cytoplasm, Plasma Membrane DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - -contains genetic material that is unique to each person ( except identical twins where DNA is same for both rRNA - -found in ribosomes (protein synthesis) mRNA - -takes info from DNA to ribosomes tRNA - -takes amino acids to ribosomes for protein development Cytoplasm - -more cytoplasm in mature cells, more organelles in highly specialized cells Plasma Membrane - -proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates, protects cell, medium through which cell interacts with environment; homeostasis Reversible - -damage to cell is short in duration Hypoxia - -reduced O2 Anoxia - -no O2 Edema - -swelling; normal par of inflammatory process Angioedema - -allergic reaction (hives swelling) Pitting edema - -indentation remains; heart conditions, prego, lymphodema Dependent edema - -lower extremites Atrophy - -break down, get smaller; size Hypertrophy - -build up, get bigger, size Hyperplasia - -increasing # of cells Metaplasia - -shape change, smokers lungs, tendon graphs, cancer PATH 101 PATH 101 Irreversible - -apoptosis, necrosis, hypoxia, anoxia, toxicity, pathogens, ischemia, dystrophic calcification, heterotopic calcification Apoptosis - -programmed cell death (shelf life) Necrosis - -cell death (usually a damaged healthy cell), stroke, anoxia, infection, radiation, trauma, disease, NEVER GOOD Muscle Cramps - -build up of lactic acid (krebs cycle, aneorobic glycolysis); actual mechanism of injury, electrolyte imbalance, dehydration, interference w/ neural control, pain is warning sign (*DON'T PUSH THROUGH) Why know these Categoires? liquefactive, coagulative, caseous, fat - -we work w/wounds Liquefactive - -cells become liquid Coagulative - -cytoplasm Caseous - -lumps form in lungs Why do we get muscle cramps? - -Alkalosis= less H+ on the outside of the cell cramping - -over excited- too much cramping; normally the outside of the cell is positive and the inside is more negative Examples for helping with muscle cramps? - -pickle juice, eating bananas, drinking milk, gatorade Atherosclerosis - -build up of plaque in arteries Gangrene - -NOT GOOD; infected coagulative necrotic tissue Wet gangrene - -bacterial infection- no blood flow; skin goes red------ brown------- black, burn, injury Dry gangrene - -frost bite, diabetes, athrosclerosis- no vascular supply (blood flow) cold/numb skin, can progress to wet Gangrene is commonly found?? - -in lower extremities Toxicity - -radiation, chemo Ischemia - -loss of blood flow to tissue PATH 101 PATH 101 PATH 101 Dystrophic Calcification - -hardening of necrotic tissue that occurs in arteries Metastatic Calcification - -cancer related Heterotopic Calcification - -the development of bone were it shouldn't be found; muscle Cellular Responses to damage or stimuli - -atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, involution and hypoplasia, metaplasia Inflammation - -body's response to various causes of injury; heals tissue, isoiates problem 5 cardinal signs - -heat= calor; redness= rubor; swelling= tumor; pain= dolor; loss of function of tissue Classification of inflmmation - -acute, chronic, acute on chronic Acute - -immediate (trauma, sprain...); first 24 hours, RICE, interferential therapy Chronic - -long period of time (back pain); any modality- make them feel better, don't really change things; exercise as appropriate; friction massage- do on scars Acute on Chronic - -sprain ankle many times & it keeps healing- then you break it RICE - -rest, ice, compress, elevate Interferential Therapy - -IFC Subacute - -after 24 hours, ROM (ultrasound), if area still warm, ice; if something is cool, use heat Inflammatory Response - -damage to skin occurs, mast cells release chemical into surrounding tissue (histamine), vasoconstriction occurs quickly, histamine causes vasodilation, swelling occurs, redness, warmth of tissue (what we see), congestion at dilated vessels due to influx of platelets to aid in clotting, bradykinin prolongs inflammation response & causes pain Myofibroblasts - -contract wound-shrink edges! Angioblasts - -precurser to blood vessels Granulation tissue - -base of wound Fibroblasts - -made of fibrin (sticky mesh) Type 3 collagen - -scar tissue PATH 101 PATH 101 Types of healing - -process of regeneration, process of repair, surgical wounds Processof regeneration - -reversible cell injury Process of repair - -tissue is replaced with fibrous connective tissue; irreversible cell injury Surgical wounds - -first intention, second intention, delayed healing First intention - -surgical wounds (3-6 weeks to heal)- initial wound closing takes 7-10 days; less scar tissue than 2nd intention Second intention - -contraction of wound- myofibroblasts help with scab formation; granulation tissue formed; organization- deposits of fibrin; scar tissue- type 3 collagen; remodeling of scar tissue (maturation phase) skin loses red appearance becomes closer to original skin, can take up to 18 months to fully heal, skin closer to original color Keloids - -raised scar tissue area from excessive granulation tissue Hypertrophic scars - -remains in boarders of wound, seen more with burns, raised like a keloid Factors that affect wound healing - -infection, diseases, stress, obesity, heart disease, environment/lifestyle- hygiene, age, nutrition, smoking & alcohol consumption- poor oxygenation, diabetes (type 1 or 2), medications Complications of wound healing other than delayed healing - -keloid and hypertrophic scarring, contractures due to formation of adhesions, fibrosis, deiscence Stages of Pressure Ulcers - -Stage 1, 2, 3, 4, Stage 1 pressure ulcer - -intact skin, skin temperature warmer or cooler than surrounding area, pain, discomfort of itching in the area Stage 2 pressure ulcer - -some skin breakdown, blister, injury to epidermis and/or dermis Stage 3 pressure ulcer - -skin breakdown, necrosis of subcutaneous fat layers, a surface ulcer is visible as a crater in the skin Stage 4 pressure ulcer - -skin breakdown, necrosis of subcutaneous fat, fascia, muscle, joint structures and even bone, tunneling and undermining of tissue may occur PATH 101 PATH 101 Modalities for wounds include: - -ultrasound, electrical stimulation, whirlpool, pulsatile lavage, short-wave diathermy, ultraviolet radiation, vacuum-assisted closure, application of dressings, debridement Ultrasound - -maybe used on open wounds during the acute inflammatory phase, stimulate the progression into the proliferative phase of wound healing, stimulates the circulation, reduces pain, may assist in edema reduction Electrical stimulation - -galvanic and pulsed monophasic currents using the negative electrode as the active can stimulate wound healing, Whirlpool - -potential damage to healing granulation tissu