NURS 5315 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST BANK
COMPLETE QUESTIONS 2026 SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
Answer: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads
to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and
combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as
hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
⩥ What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Answer: Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
⩥ What is the body's defense against ROS? Answer: Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
,⩥ How are free radicals produced? Answer: 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
⩥ action potential Answer: Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
⩥ Threshold potential Answer: Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
⩥ Hypokalemia and action potentials Answer: HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
⩥ Hyperkalemia and action potentials Answer: HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
, ⩥ Hypocalcemia and action potentials Answer: Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
⩥ Hypercalcemia and action potentials Answer: Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
⩥ Atrophy Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient
supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells
are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
⩥ Atrophy examples Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
⩥ Hypertrophy Answer: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or
increased functional demand.
⩥ Hypertrophy examples Answer: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when
a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY TEST BANK
COMPLETE QUESTIONS 2026 SOLUTIONS
GRADED A+
⩥ The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
Answer: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads
to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and
combines with fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as
hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using
Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
⩥ What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? Answer: Heart disease,
Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid
perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein
synthesis*, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria
⩥ What is the body's defense against ROS? Answer: Antioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
,⩥ How are free radicals produced? Answer: 1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
⩥ action potential Answer: Process of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
⩥ Threshold potential Answer: Point at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
⩥ Hypokalemia and action potentials Answer: HYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
⩥ Hyperkalemia and action potentials Answer: HYPOpolarized (more
positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD =
cardiac standstill, paresthesia, paralysis
, ⩥ Hypocalcemia and action potentials Answer: Increased
permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia,
circumoral paresthesia, seizures, dysrhythmias.
⩥ Hypercalcemia and action potentials Answer: Decreased
permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue,
lethargy, confusion, encephalopathy, depressed T waves
⩥ Atrophy Answer: Occurs as a result of decrease in work load,
pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or
nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now
compensated for decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient
supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new homeostasis. Cells
are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.
⩥ Atrophy examples Answer: Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the
thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed
⩥ Hypertrophy Answer: Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or
increased functional demand.
⩥ Hypertrophy examples Answer: physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal
hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when
a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
