BIOL 311 Exam 3 Study Guide
Questions With 100% Correct Answers
2026 Updated.
Peter Mitchell - Answer Nobel Prize in 1978 for chemiosmosis
Rudolph Virchow and Elie Metchnikoff - Answer Rudolph - WBC - RBC recognized inside →
saw this and realized WBC were
"giving birth" to RBC → actually Heterophagy
Metchnikoff - "eat or be eaten" - lysosomes, Phagocytosis, Discovered heterophagy
Joseph Priestly - Answer photosynthesis. discovered a relationship between plants and
animals using a flask with
a mouse and a mint leaf and candle
Theodor Engelman - Answer isolated chloroplasts in sucrose, noticed that bacteria migrates
into chloroplast, oxygen release, developed first bioassay
Robert Hill and Cornelius Van Niel - Answer critical work using purple sulfur bacteria, came
up with reaction for purple sulfur bacteria / this showed that the evolved oxygen in vascular
plants was originating from water, not carbon dioxide /
molecular origin of evolved oxygen. found that the purple bacteria migrated away from the
source of oxygen. d. Creating a negative chemotaxis effect on purple sulfur bacteria bubbled in
oxygen.
Melvin Calvin - Answer 14C as a tool that resulted in the complete delineation of the carbon
fixation pathway (calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma)
-elucidated all of the reactions in the carbon fixation cycle by using RADIOISOTOPES
Dr. Geoffrey Tabin - Answer Himalayan Cataract Project, worked on blindness in needy
people
Christian De Duve - Answer LYSOSOMES through centrifugation (Discovered lysosomes
without microscope) → lysosomes co-sedimented with mitochondria
Lan Bo Chen - Answer discovered Rhodamine 123, a vital dye for mitochondria
,Sponge Experiment - Answer showed that Cells can re-assemble into an intact organism with
selected labeled cells taking up their original
position that they had in the intact sponge
Tay Sach's Disease - Answer -more common in ethnic groups
-brain/neurological disease
-Deficiency in Hex A leads to Accumulation of ganglioside GM2 in lysosomes → affects the
neurons brain
-lifespan is about 2 to 5 years
-no enzyme replacement therapy
-affects Hex A and lysosomes
Oligomycin - Answer drug that shows increase in fluorescence with rhodamine 123. blocks
ATP synthase
Heterophyagy - Answer involves the formation and tracking of phagosomes in cells. closely
associated with lysosomes.
Chloramphenicol - Answer drug that inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis and can Inhibit
the translation of mitochondrial RNA
RUBISCO - Answer Can mediate photorespiration when oxygen concentration is high and
CO2 is low
used in carbon fixation reactions. not associated with the chloroplast thylakoid membrane,
required for the carbon fixation cycle. located in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath
Endothelial keratoplasty - Answer -performed by an ophthalmologist
-involves the cornea
-Requires the use of air bubbles in this surgical procedure
-Requires the transplant of a 100 to 200 micron thin layer that contains a basal lamina
-Is a method of fixing corneas that are opaque
Elesclomol - Answer Used by Synta Pharma, treats leukemia, targets ETC in the mitochondria
to trigger apoptosis by increasing oxidative stress. soon to treat melanoma
Cyanobacteria - Answer -Several strains have been sequence
-Generate more energy than they can use
, -Have been developed into variants that can generate fuel-like compounds
-They are prokaryotes so easily studied
-They are currently used for bioremediation
-They grow in a simple culture medium that requires water, air, light and minerals
F0F1 Particle - Answer -also called ATP Synthase, produces ATP in the mitochondria pathway.
found in
-inside out sub-mitochondrial particles
-found in mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Bacteria
-Attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane facing (partly in) the mitochondrial matrix
Gaucher's Disease - Answer Deficiency in glucocerebrosidase. lipids build up in your spleen
and liver.
Results in spleen enlargement and bone deformations due to accumulation of
glucocerebrosidase
○ Result of defective lysosomes
○ 1/40,000 people
○ Glucocerebrosidase = defective enzyme
○ Genzyme = lysosomal storage diseases company
○ Cerezyme = drug to treat type 1 Gaucher's disease
Artificial Photosynthesis - Answer -Is of interest to select small and large companies, can
generate formic acid
-Was federally funded through JCAP - a consortium located in California and gov funded
-efficiency rates of up to 10 to 20+% that exceed natural photosynthesis synthesis rates of less
than 1%
-generate fuel improve, improve climate changes by absorbing excess carbon dioxide
Aldurazyme - Answer -drug used to treat Hurler cell disease
-is an enzyme replacement therapy
CARET and ATBC study - Answer identified antioxidants that might protect smokers
from contracting lung cancer using carotene pigment. found that Vitamin A/E + carotene
increased lung cancer
DNP - Answer proton ionophore/uncoupler that can be used to dissipate the pH gradient
across the inner
Questions With 100% Correct Answers
2026 Updated.
Peter Mitchell - Answer Nobel Prize in 1978 for chemiosmosis
Rudolph Virchow and Elie Metchnikoff - Answer Rudolph - WBC - RBC recognized inside →
saw this and realized WBC were
"giving birth" to RBC → actually Heterophagy
Metchnikoff - "eat or be eaten" - lysosomes, Phagocytosis, Discovered heterophagy
Joseph Priestly - Answer photosynthesis. discovered a relationship between plants and
animals using a flask with
a mouse and a mint leaf and candle
Theodor Engelman - Answer isolated chloroplasts in sucrose, noticed that bacteria migrates
into chloroplast, oxygen release, developed first bioassay
Robert Hill and Cornelius Van Niel - Answer critical work using purple sulfur bacteria, came
up with reaction for purple sulfur bacteria / this showed that the evolved oxygen in vascular
plants was originating from water, not carbon dioxide /
molecular origin of evolved oxygen. found that the purple bacteria migrated away from the
source of oxygen. d. Creating a negative chemotaxis effect on purple sulfur bacteria bubbled in
oxygen.
Melvin Calvin - Answer 14C as a tool that resulted in the complete delineation of the carbon
fixation pathway (calvin cycle in the chloroplast stroma)
-elucidated all of the reactions in the carbon fixation cycle by using RADIOISOTOPES
Dr. Geoffrey Tabin - Answer Himalayan Cataract Project, worked on blindness in needy
people
Christian De Duve - Answer LYSOSOMES through centrifugation (Discovered lysosomes
without microscope) → lysosomes co-sedimented with mitochondria
Lan Bo Chen - Answer discovered Rhodamine 123, a vital dye for mitochondria
,Sponge Experiment - Answer showed that Cells can re-assemble into an intact organism with
selected labeled cells taking up their original
position that they had in the intact sponge
Tay Sach's Disease - Answer -more common in ethnic groups
-brain/neurological disease
-Deficiency in Hex A leads to Accumulation of ganglioside GM2 in lysosomes → affects the
neurons brain
-lifespan is about 2 to 5 years
-no enzyme replacement therapy
-affects Hex A and lysosomes
Oligomycin - Answer drug that shows increase in fluorescence with rhodamine 123. blocks
ATP synthase
Heterophyagy - Answer involves the formation and tracking of phagosomes in cells. closely
associated with lysosomes.
Chloramphenicol - Answer drug that inhibits mitochondrial protein synthesis and can Inhibit
the translation of mitochondrial RNA
RUBISCO - Answer Can mediate photorespiration when oxygen concentration is high and
CO2 is low
used in carbon fixation reactions. not associated with the chloroplast thylakoid membrane,
required for the carbon fixation cycle. located in the chloroplasts of bundle-sheath
Endothelial keratoplasty - Answer -performed by an ophthalmologist
-involves the cornea
-Requires the use of air bubbles in this surgical procedure
-Requires the transplant of a 100 to 200 micron thin layer that contains a basal lamina
-Is a method of fixing corneas that are opaque
Elesclomol - Answer Used by Synta Pharma, treats leukemia, targets ETC in the mitochondria
to trigger apoptosis by increasing oxidative stress. soon to treat melanoma
Cyanobacteria - Answer -Several strains have been sequence
-Generate more energy than they can use
, -Have been developed into variants that can generate fuel-like compounds
-They are prokaryotes so easily studied
-They are currently used for bioremediation
-They grow in a simple culture medium that requires water, air, light and minerals
F0F1 Particle - Answer -also called ATP Synthase, produces ATP in the mitochondria pathway.
found in
-inside out sub-mitochondrial particles
-found in mitochondria, Chloroplasts, Bacteria
-Attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane facing (partly in) the mitochondrial matrix
Gaucher's Disease - Answer Deficiency in glucocerebrosidase. lipids build up in your spleen
and liver.
Results in spleen enlargement and bone deformations due to accumulation of
glucocerebrosidase
○ Result of defective lysosomes
○ 1/40,000 people
○ Glucocerebrosidase = defective enzyme
○ Genzyme = lysosomal storage diseases company
○ Cerezyme = drug to treat type 1 Gaucher's disease
Artificial Photosynthesis - Answer -Is of interest to select small and large companies, can
generate formic acid
-Was federally funded through JCAP - a consortium located in California and gov funded
-efficiency rates of up to 10 to 20+% that exceed natural photosynthesis synthesis rates of less
than 1%
-generate fuel improve, improve climate changes by absorbing excess carbon dioxide
Aldurazyme - Answer -drug used to treat Hurler cell disease
-is an enzyme replacement therapy
CARET and ATBC study - Answer identified antioxidants that might protect smokers
from contracting lung cancer using carotene pigment. found that Vitamin A/E + carotene
increased lung cancer
DNP - Answer proton ionophore/uncoupler that can be used to dissipate the pH gradient
across the inner
