NURS 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Review Questions and Questions Semester 1 2026

NURS 3280 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Review Questions and Questions Semester 1 2026 Which condition occurs in the presence of cellular damage? A. Cells shrink. B. ATP production increases. C. Osmotic pressure decreases. D. Sodium and water move into the cell. - -answer- d. Sodium and water move into the cell An increase in which of these characteristics would be present in cells that demonstrate hypertrophy? A. Lipofuscin B. Size of vacuoles C. Size of cells D. Number of cells - -answer- c. Size of cells Cellular hypoxia results in A. Increased ph. B. Enhanced ATP activity. C. Loss of intracellular calcium. D. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump. - -answer- d. Failure of the sodium-potassium pump Which cellular response is maladaptive? A. Shrinkage of cell size B. Increase in cell size C. Increase in the number of cells D. Change in the shape or arrangement of cell - -answer- d. Change in the shape or arrangement of cell A critical event in the death of a cell is caused by A. Disruption of the plasma membranes permeability barrier B. An increase in cellular protein content C. An accumulation of lipofuscin D. Chronic nutrient insufficiency - -answer- a. Disruption of the plasma membranes permeability barrier NURS 3280 NURS 3280 A client develops weakness in both lower extremities following a prolonged period of bed rest. This condition is most likely caused by A. Atrophy B. Dysplasia C. Hypertrophy D. Hyperplasia - -answer- a. Atrophy A heart that has to pump harder in order to effectively circulate blood is likely to undergo which type of cellular adaptation? A. Atrophy B. Metaplasia C. Hypertrophy D. Hyperplasia - -answer- c. Hypertrophy Which type of cellular adaptation is most likely to occur as the result of chronic ischemia to a region? A. Hypertrophy B. Hyperplasia C. Metaplasia D. Atrophy - -answer- d. Atrophy Viruses injure cells differently than other causes of cellular injury because they A. Produce and secrete powerful destructive enzymes that digest cellular membranes and connective tissues. B. Are incorporated into the cell, where it uses the cell's rna or dna for self-replication C. Cause reperfusion injury as the result of free radical formation. D. Injure cells by disrupting chemical bonds through ionization. - -answer- b. Are incorporate into the cell, where it uses the cells rna or dna for self-replication Which type of cellular adaptation would create the greatest concern if found on a biopsy report? A. Dysplasia B. Metaplasia C. Hyperplasia D. Hypertrophy - -answer- a. Dysplasia Necrosis is the result of cellular injury that does not allow for cellular adaptation because it is which of the following? (select all that apply.) A. Too severe NURS 3280 NURS 3280 B. Too prolonged C. Acute in nature D. Programmed into the cell itself E. A result of a disrupted blood supply - -answer- a, b, e The local warmth that occurs during an inflammatory response is the result of - increased blood flow Which substance activates the complement cascade? - -antigen A patient's white blood cell count indicates a shift to the left. This indicates that the client's - - Which specialized cells are associated with the immune response? - -lymphocytes Which cells are associated with response to infection? - -monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages A series of events occur during acute inflammation resulting from cellular injury. Which event occurs initially? - -brief constriction of vessel walls The first line of defense against disease is provided by which of the following? (select all that apply.) - -intact skin, mucous membranes Antibodies respond to antigens by which of the following? (select all that apply.) - functioning as antitoxins by neutralizing bacteria, causing forming large complexes that precipitate out of solution, Opsonizing antigens to make them more recognizable to phagocytes, Initiating complement activation to help antibodies and phagocytic cells to attack pathogens Which term should the nurse use to describe a cell that has the potential to develop into many different cell types? - -stem cell A client has an asphyxial injury that caused total deprivation of oxygen. Which term should the nurse use to describe this finding? - -anoxia A client's normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the airway are now lined by newly formed stratified squamous cells. Which pathophysiologic process has occurred in this client? - -metaplasia A nurse is trying to describe an important difference between necrosis and apoptosis to a staff member. Which information should the nurse include? - -inflammation results from necrosis, but not from apoptosis NURS 3280 NURS 3280 A nurse observes warmth and redness of the client's skin during inflammation. Which processes causes these changes? Select all that apply. - -vasodilation, increased vascular permeability - these increase blood flow to the injured tissue, causing warmth and redness Phagocytosis - -phagocytosis removes microorganisms and tissue debris but does not cause warmth and redness. Phagocytosis contributes to the formation of exudate and pus during inflammation Which information from the staff indicates successful teaching by the nurse for cytokines? - -they include interleukins and interferons Mast cells - -are filled with granules and are located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels near the body's outer surfaces (i.e., in the skin and lining the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts) and are involved in inflammation. The nurse is caring for a client with swelling and pain at the site of a wound. Which other physiological changes does the nurse expect to find? Select all that apply. - increased redness, increased blood flow Which assessment finding will indicate to the nurse that the client is having a life threatening type i hypersensitivity reaction? - -wheezing, difficulty breathing, and hypotension A client has a type iii hypersensitivity reaction. Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse consider when planning care for this client? - -immune complexes activate the complement system and damage tissues - the primary difference between type ii and type iii mechanisms is that in type ii hypersensitivity, an antibody binds to an antigen on the cell surface, whereas in type iii, an antibody binds to a soluble antigen that was released into the blood or body fluids, and the complex is then deposited in the tissues. Autoantibodies are typical of a type ii hypersensitivity reaction. T cells are activated in type iv, not type iii. Alloimmune disease - -hemolytic disease of the newborn A nurse is caring for a client with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). Which pathophysiologic process should the nurse consider when planning care for this client? - -deposition of immune complexes in the kidneys and many other body tissues Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction - -mast cells !!! Anaphylactic shock - -hypotension NURS 3280 NURS 3280 Normal platelet count - -150,000-400,000 Polycythemia - -elevated red blood cell count Thrombocytopenia - -low platelet count - symptoms: petechiae, easy bruising, bleeding gums Leukopenia - -of which neutropenia is one type, is a decrease in white blood cells; all forms of leukopenia put the individual at risk for infections. Neutropenia - -exists when the neutrophil count is less than 2000/mm 3, resulting in frequent infections Anemia - -is a decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; it affects the body's ability to transport oxygen, causing fatigue and ultimately hypoxia. A client has acute leukemia. Which findings will the nurse find on assessment? - anemia, infection, and bleeding tendencies A nurse notices a shift to the left in the laboratory reports. Which action is most appropriate for the nurse to take? - -monitor the clients temperature every 4 hours A nurse monitors a client with multiple myeloma for renal failure. Which rationale supports the nurse's action? - -bence jones proteins are excreted in the urine and can damage renal tubular cells A nurse is caring for a client with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll). Which action by the nurse is most appropriate? - -monitor for infection -they also have anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neutropeni