WCC Final Exam with Accurate
Solutions
Environmental Decade - ANSWER-1970s; There was an increase in environmental
legislation at both state and federal levels
Environmental Crime - ANSWER-involves businesses or individuals illegally polluting or
destroying the environment as part of an occupational activity
Illegal emissions - ANSWER-Occurs when companies illegally release pollutants into
the environment; Type of environmental crime
Illegal dumping - ANSWER-Occurs when businesses dump products in sites that are
not legally recognized as dumping sites; Type of environmental crime
Why does illegal dumping occur? - ANSWER-Usually as a way to reduce
spending/increase profit; Could also result from negligence
Environmental state crime - ANSWER-Criminal behavior by a government employee
that causes harm to the environment and/or individuals; Type of environmental crime
International environmental crimes - ANSWER-Environmental crime that transcends the
borders of 2 different countries or occurs in internationally protected areas; Type of
environmental crime
Harmful destruction of property and wildlife - ANSWER-Occurs as result of the actions
of individuals and companies during their work; Type of environmental crime
Volkswagen emissions scandal - ANSWER-Volkswagen intentionally programmed
diesel engines to activate their emissions controls only during laboratory emission
testing
They were ordered to pay $2.8Billion in criminal fines. The CEO was charged with fraud
and conspiracy
Consequences of environmental crime - ANSWER-1) Difficult to determine physical
costs
2) States pay billions of dollars each year bc of pollution
3)Quality of life is diminished in areas of environmental crime. Minority and low-income
communities are most at risk
, Main duties of the Environmental Protection Agency - ANSWER-1) Establish & enforce
protection policies
2) Conduct research on effects of pollution
3) Assist others in their efforts to reduce pollution
4) Develop and recommend policies to the President
Professional-disciplinary proceedings - ANSWER-Administered through the various
professionals associations/boards
Workplace-disciplinary proceedings - ANSWER-hearings carried out within the
workplace where the misconduct allegedly occurred
Role of Judge - ANSWER-Duty of a judge is to assure that the justice process proceeds
fairly for both the defendant and the state
Role of Prosecutor - ANSWER-Legal party responsible for presenting the case in a
criminal trial against an individual/organization accused of breaking the law.
Role of defense attorney - ANSWER-lawyer specializing in the defense of individuals
and companies charged with criminal activity; WCC cases more difficult for defense
attorneys
3 factors that impacted judicial decision making in WCC cases - ANSWER-1) Harm
from the offense
2) Blameworthiness of the offender
3) Practical implications of the sentence
Why WC offenders receive shorter sentences - ANSWER-1) Judges don't want to do
additional harm to the offender's family
2) A shorter sentence is seen as providing offenders the opportunity to contribute back
to community
3) With shorter sentences, offenders would be in a better position to pay victims back
and make reparations for their misdeeds.
Prosecutorial misconduct - ANSWER-unethical or illegal conduct by an attorney in
contradiction with the established rules of professional conduct
3 strategies defense attorneys use to manage clients - ANSWER-1) Process-oriented
strategy: Strategy that proceeds from 1 step to the next with attorneys processing the
cases the same way regardless of the client/ specifies of the case
2) Discovery-oriented strategy: flexible defense strategy that is dictated by the
characteristics of the charges with no set formula used to respond to cases
3) Client- oriented strategy: Client decides how the defense attorney manages the case
Solutions
Environmental Decade - ANSWER-1970s; There was an increase in environmental
legislation at both state and federal levels
Environmental Crime - ANSWER-involves businesses or individuals illegally polluting or
destroying the environment as part of an occupational activity
Illegal emissions - ANSWER-Occurs when companies illegally release pollutants into
the environment; Type of environmental crime
Illegal dumping - ANSWER-Occurs when businesses dump products in sites that are
not legally recognized as dumping sites; Type of environmental crime
Why does illegal dumping occur? - ANSWER-Usually as a way to reduce
spending/increase profit; Could also result from negligence
Environmental state crime - ANSWER-Criminal behavior by a government employee
that causes harm to the environment and/or individuals; Type of environmental crime
International environmental crimes - ANSWER-Environmental crime that transcends the
borders of 2 different countries or occurs in internationally protected areas; Type of
environmental crime
Harmful destruction of property and wildlife - ANSWER-Occurs as result of the actions
of individuals and companies during their work; Type of environmental crime
Volkswagen emissions scandal - ANSWER-Volkswagen intentionally programmed
diesel engines to activate their emissions controls only during laboratory emission
testing
They were ordered to pay $2.8Billion in criminal fines. The CEO was charged with fraud
and conspiracy
Consequences of environmental crime - ANSWER-1) Difficult to determine physical
costs
2) States pay billions of dollars each year bc of pollution
3)Quality of life is diminished in areas of environmental crime. Minority and low-income
communities are most at risk
, Main duties of the Environmental Protection Agency - ANSWER-1) Establish & enforce
protection policies
2) Conduct research on effects of pollution
3) Assist others in their efforts to reduce pollution
4) Develop and recommend policies to the President
Professional-disciplinary proceedings - ANSWER-Administered through the various
professionals associations/boards
Workplace-disciplinary proceedings - ANSWER-hearings carried out within the
workplace where the misconduct allegedly occurred
Role of Judge - ANSWER-Duty of a judge is to assure that the justice process proceeds
fairly for both the defendant and the state
Role of Prosecutor - ANSWER-Legal party responsible for presenting the case in a
criminal trial against an individual/organization accused of breaking the law.
Role of defense attorney - ANSWER-lawyer specializing in the defense of individuals
and companies charged with criminal activity; WCC cases more difficult for defense
attorneys
3 factors that impacted judicial decision making in WCC cases - ANSWER-1) Harm
from the offense
2) Blameworthiness of the offender
3) Practical implications of the sentence
Why WC offenders receive shorter sentences - ANSWER-1) Judges don't want to do
additional harm to the offender's family
2) A shorter sentence is seen as providing offenders the opportunity to contribute back
to community
3) With shorter sentences, offenders would be in a better position to pay victims back
and make reparations for their misdeeds.
Prosecutorial misconduct - ANSWER-unethical or illegal conduct by an attorney in
contradiction with the established rules of professional conduct
3 strategies defense attorneys use to manage clients - ANSWER-1) Process-oriented
strategy: Strategy that proceeds from 1 step to the next with attorneys processing the
cases the same way regardless of the client/ specifies of the case
2) Discovery-oriented strategy: flexible defense strategy that is dictated by the
characteristics of the charges with no set formula used to respond to cases
3) Client- oriented strategy: Client decides how the defense attorney manages the case
