Exam 3.1 Nur 11 questions with
correct detailed answers 2026- 18
Raynaud disease, Raynaud syndrome - correct answers cyanosis of the fingers or toes due to vascular
constriction, usually caused by cold temperatures or emotional stress
rheumatoid arthritis - correct answers A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the
joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - correct answers a more severe form of lupus involving the skin,
joints, and often vital organs
autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks connective tissue throughout body such as in
joints and skin
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
Which statement most accurately describes the process of osmosis? - correct answers Water moves
from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Osmosis - correct answers is the primary method of transporting body fluids, in which water moves from
an area of lesser solute concentration and more water to an area of greater solute concentration and
less water. Solutes do not move during osmosis. Plasma proteins do not facilitate the reabsorption of
fluid into the capillaries, but assist with colloid osmotic pressure, which is related to, but not
synonymous with, the process of osmosis.
hypertonic solution - correct answers A client who is admitted to the health care facility has been
diagnosed with cerebral edema. Which intravenous solution needs to be administered to this client?
Hypertonic solutions are used - correct answers in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral
edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly because it is more concentrated than body fluid and
draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment.
,Hypotonic solutions are administered - correct answers to clients with fluid losses in excess of fluid
intake, such as those who have diarrhea or vomiting. Isotonic solution is generally administered to
maintain fluid balance in clients who may not be able to eat or drink for a short period.
Colloid solutions are used - correct answers to replace circulating blood volume because the suspended
molecules pull fluid from other compartments. However, these solutions are not related to clients with
cerebral edema.
Apply a warm compress. - correct answers When caring for a client who is on intravenous therapy, the
nurse observes that the client has developed redness, warmth, and discomfort along the vein. Which
intervention should the nurse perform for this complication?
Prolonged use of the same vein - correct answers can cause phlebitis; the nurse should apply a warm
compress after restarting the IV. The nurse need not elevate the client's head, position the client on the
left side, or apply antiseptic and a dressing. The client's head is elevated if the client exhibits symptoms
of circulatory overload. The client is positioned on the left side if exhibiting signs of air embolism. The
nurse applies antiseptic and a dressing to an IV site in the event of an infection.
hypovolemia - correct answers During an assessment of an older adult client, the nurse notes an
increase in pulse and respiration rates, and notes that the client has warm skin. The nurse also notes a
decrease in the client's blood pressure. Which medical diagnosis may be responsible?
The nurse should recognize that hypovolemia - correct answers , also known as dehydration, may be
responsible. Additional indicators of dehydration in older adults include mental status changes;
increases in pulse and respiration rates; decrease in blood pressure; dark, concentrated urine with a
high specific gravity; dry mucous membranes; warm skin; furrowed tongue; low urine output; hardened
stools; and elevated hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
Hypervolemia means a higher-than-normal volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment and
is another example of a fluid imbalance that would manifest itself with different signs and symptoms.
Edema develops when excess fluid is distributed to the interstitial space.
maintenance of cell size - correct answers A group of nursing students is reviewing information about
body fluid and locations. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify
which of the following as a function of intracellular fluid?
The main function of the intracellular fluid - correct answers is to maintain cell size. Vascular fluid is
essential for the maintenance of adequate blood volume, blood pressure, and cardiovascular system
, functioning. Interstitial fluid, which surrounds the body's cells, is important for the transportation of
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other essential chemicals between the blood and the cell cytoplasm.
Vascular and interstitial fluids also are important for waste removal.
1+ - correct answers The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client and finds that he has edema of his
right ankle that is 2 mm and just perceptible. The nurse documents this at which grade?
edema +1 - correct answers The edema in the client should be graded as 1+, which means that the
edema is just perceptible and of 2 mm dimension.
edema +2 or 3+ - correct answers A measurement of 2+ or 3+ indicates moderate edema of 4 to 6 mm.
edema +4 - correct answers A measurement of 4+ indicates severe edema of 8 mm or more.
fluid overload - correct answers When an older adult client receiving a blood transfusion presents with
an elevated blood pressure, distended neck veins, and shortness of breath, the client is most likely
experiencing:
Fluid overload can occur - correct answers when blood components are infused too quickly or too
voluminously. Symptoms include increased venous pressure, distended neck veins, dyspnea, coughing,
and abnormal breath sounds.
low calcium - correct answers When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory reports revealing sodium,
140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L); potassium, 4.1 mEq/L (4.1 mmol/L); calcium 7.9 mg/dL (1.975 mmol/L), and
magnesium 1.9 mg/dL (0.781 mmol/L); the nurse should notify the physician of the client's:
Ca ranges - correct answers Normal total serum calcium levels range between 8.9 and 10.1 mg/dL (2.225
to 2.525 mmol/L).
clients with major trauma or burns
clients with liver and renal failure
clients with inflammatory bowel disease - correct answers A nurse is caring for a client who is on total
parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which clients are candidates for TPN?
correct detailed answers 2026- 18
Raynaud disease, Raynaud syndrome - correct answers cyanosis of the fingers or toes due to vascular
constriction, usually caused by cold temperatures or emotional stress
rheumatoid arthritis - correct answers A chronic systemic disease characterized by inflammation of the
joints, stiffness, pain, and swelling that results in crippling deformities
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) - correct answers a more severe form of lupus involving the skin,
joints, and often vital organs
autoimmune disease in which immune system attacks connective tissue throughout body such as in
joints and skin
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
Which statement most accurately describes the process of osmosis? - correct answers Water moves
from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.
Osmosis - correct answers is the primary method of transporting body fluids, in which water moves from
an area of lesser solute concentration and more water to an area of greater solute concentration and
less water. Solutes do not move during osmosis. Plasma proteins do not facilitate the reabsorption of
fluid into the capillaries, but assist with colloid osmotic pressure, which is related to, but not
synonymous with, the process of osmosis.
hypertonic solution - correct answers A client who is admitted to the health care facility has been
diagnosed with cerebral edema. Which intravenous solution needs to be administered to this client?
Hypertonic solutions are used - correct answers in extreme cases when it is necessary to reduce cerebral
edema or to expand the circulatory volume rapidly because it is more concentrated than body fluid and
draws cellular and interstitial water into the intravascular compartment.
,Hypotonic solutions are administered - correct answers to clients with fluid losses in excess of fluid
intake, such as those who have diarrhea or vomiting. Isotonic solution is generally administered to
maintain fluid balance in clients who may not be able to eat or drink for a short period.
Colloid solutions are used - correct answers to replace circulating blood volume because the suspended
molecules pull fluid from other compartments. However, these solutions are not related to clients with
cerebral edema.
Apply a warm compress. - correct answers When caring for a client who is on intravenous therapy, the
nurse observes that the client has developed redness, warmth, and discomfort along the vein. Which
intervention should the nurse perform for this complication?
Prolonged use of the same vein - correct answers can cause phlebitis; the nurse should apply a warm
compress after restarting the IV. The nurse need not elevate the client's head, position the client on the
left side, or apply antiseptic and a dressing. The client's head is elevated if the client exhibits symptoms
of circulatory overload. The client is positioned on the left side if exhibiting signs of air embolism. The
nurse applies antiseptic and a dressing to an IV site in the event of an infection.
hypovolemia - correct answers During an assessment of an older adult client, the nurse notes an
increase in pulse and respiration rates, and notes that the client has warm skin. The nurse also notes a
decrease in the client's blood pressure. Which medical diagnosis may be responsible?
The nurse should recognize that hypovolemia - correct answers , also known as dehydration, may be
responsible. Additional indicators of dehydration in older adults include mental status changes;
increases in pulse and respiration rates; decrease in blood pressure; dark, concentrated urine with a
high specific gravity; dry mucous membranes; warm skin; furrowed tongue; low urine output; hardened
stools; and elevated hematocrit, hemoglobin, serum sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN).
Hypervolemia means a higher-than-normal volume of water in the intravascular fluid compartment and
is another example of a fluid imbalance that would manifest itself with different signs and symptoms.
Edema develops when excess fluid is distributed to the interstitial space.
maintenance of cell size - correct answers A group of nursing students is reviewing information about
body fluid and locations. The students demonstrate understanding of the material when they identify
which of the following as a function of intracellular fluid?
The main function of the intracellular fluid - correct answers is to maintain cell size. Vascular fluid is
essential for the maintenance of adequate blood volume, blood pressure, and cardiovascular system
, functioning. Interstitial fluid, which surrounds the body's cells, is important for the transportation of
oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other essential chemicals between the blood and the cell cytoplasm.
Vascular and interstitial fluids also are important for waste removal.
1+ - correct answers The nurse is assessing a newly admitted client and finds that he has edema of his
right ankle that is 2 mm and just perceptible. The nurse documents this at which grade?
edema +1 - correct answers The edema in the client should be graded as 1+, which means that the
edema is just perceptible and of 2 mm dimension.
edema +2 or 3+ - correct answers A measurement of 2+ or 3+ indicates moderate edema of 4 to 6 mm.
edema +4 - correct answers A measurement of 4+ indicates severe edema of 8 mm or more.
fluid overload - correct answers When an older adult client receiving a blood transfusion presents with
an elevated blood pressure, distended neck veins, and shortness of breath, the client is most likely
experiencing:
Fluid overload can occur - correct answers when blood components are infused too quickly or too
voluminously. Symptoms include increased venous pressure, distended neck veins, dyspnea, coughing,
and abnormal breath sounds.
low calcium - correct answers When the nurse reviews the client's laboratory reports revealing sodium,
140 mEq/L (140 mmol/L); potassium, 4.1 mEq/L (4.1 mmol/L); calcium 7.9 mg/dL (1.975 mmol/L), and
magnesium 1.9 mg/dL (0.781 mmol/L); the nurse should notify the physician of the client's:
Ca ranges - correct answers Normal total serum calcium levels range between 8.9 and 10.1 mg/dL (2.225
to 2.525 mmol/L).
clients with major trauma or burns
clients with liver and renal failure
clients with inflammatory bowel disease - correct answers A nurse is caring for a client who is on total
parenteral nutrition (TPN). Which clients are candidates for TPN?
