NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE SET FINAL EXAM 2026

NURS 231 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY COMPLETE SET FINAL EXAM 2026 A bodybuilder's muscles will display hyperplasia. - Correct Ans-False Barrett esophagus Is an example of dysplasia - Correct Ans-false Hypertrophy is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the number of cells - Correct Ans-True Lack of nerve stimulation can cause cells to atrophy - Correct Ans-True Proportion of people with a disease who are positive for the disease - Correct Ans sensitivity How likely the same result will occur if repeated - Correct Ans-reliability How a tool measures what it is intended to measure - Correct Ans-validity People without the disease who are negative on a given test - Correct Ans-specificity Which is NOT true of the cytoskeleton? - Correct Ans-it includes peroxisomes and proteasomes Which of the following are true of the cell? Select all that apply. - Correct Ans- 1: Proteins carry out the functions of the cell membrane 2:Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell 3:Microfilaments are thin, threadlike cytoplasmic structures Which are true of the cell membrane? Select all that apply. - Correct Ans-1: Controls the transport of materials from the outside fluids to within 2:Helps with the conduction of electrical currents in nerve and muscle cells 3: Aids in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation Which are false of the mitochondria? Select all that apply. - Correct Ans-1: They are found far from the site of energy consumption. 2:They control free radicals. High blood pressure is an example of which of the following? - Correct Ans pathophysiology NURS 231 NURS 231 A patient complains of chest pain and an elevated blood pressure. What are these examples of? - Correct Ans-signs and symptoms Which of the following is true of a test's sensitivity? - Correct Ans-If negative, it can safely be assumed that the person does not have a disease Chemical agents (poison, alcohol) are examples of which of the following? - Correct Ans-Etiologic factors Define tertiary prevention and give an example: - Correct Ans-Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration. One example is the use of certain medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future event or death. Compare and contrast the two types of gangrenous necrosis. - Correct Ans-In dry gangrene the affected tissue becomes dry and shrinks, the skin wrinkles, and its color changes to dark brown or black. The spread of dry gangrene is slow. It results from a cut off in arterial blood supply and is a form of coagulation necrosis. In wet gangrene, the affected area is cold, swollen, and pulseless. The skin is moist, black, and under tension. Blebs form on the surface, liquefaction occurs, and a foul odor is caused by bacterial action. The spread of tissue damage is rapid. Explain what necrosis is and give an example and description of one type of necrosis. - Correct Ans-necrosis is cell death to an organ or tissue with still being apart of a living person. An example of this would be luiquefactive necrosis. this is when the cells die and the catalytic enzymes do not get destroyed after the cells death. This could cause necrosis Sunburn - Correct Ans-radiation injury Obesity - Correct Ans-nutritional imbalances Reactive oxygen species - Correct Ans-free radical injury Low oxygen to tissues - Correct Ans-hypoxic cell injury Fractures - Correct Ans-physical agents OTC drugs - Correct Ans-Chemical injury Hypothermia - Correct Ans-physical agents Radiation treatment - Correct Ans-radiation injury Lead toxicity - Correct Ans-chemical injury NURS 231 NURS 231 Bacteria - Correct Ans-biologic agents List the 4 types of tissue found in the body. Pick 2 and give a description and example of each. - Correct Ans-Epithelial tissue- covers the body's outer surface, it is avascular and gets its o2 from the capillaries found in the neighboring connective tissues, and example of this is simple squamous tissue which means one layer of thin cells. Muscular tissue Nervous tissue- is found all throughout the body, helps with communication between tissues and the central nervous system. it aids in the functions of the body due to internal and external stimuli, helps with movement, and electrical signaling. neurons are an example of this, they aid in communicating to other cells in the body, they are held and supported by glial cells. Connective tissue What term means "cell eating" and engulfs and then kills microorganisms or other particulate matter? - Correct Ans-Phagocytosis What is the term to describe when cells use energy to move ions against an electrical or chemical gradient? - Correct Ans-Active transport Give one function of a membrane potential: - Correct Ans-Generate nerve impulse, muscle contractions, or cause hormone secretion What is the term that best describes the following process? A transport protein aiding a lipid insoluble or large molecule across the cell membrane that would otherwise not be able to pass through on its own. - Correct Ans-facilitated diffusion Blood tests for tumor markers can make a diagnosis of cancer. Why or why not? - Correct Ans-False, only tissue can diagnose. Tumor markers are helpful to assess response to therapy or reoccurrence. Tissue biopsy is of critical importance in what role? - Correct Ans-Diagnosing the correct cancer and histology. Explain the TNM system: - Correct Ans-T is the size and local spread of the primary tumor. N is the involvement of the regional lymph nodes. M is the extent of the metastatic involvement. List two signs or symptoms a patient may present with that might indicate a cancer diagnosis: - Correct Ans-fatigue, anemia NURS 231 NURS 231 What are two systemic manifestations of cancer exhibited by cancer patients? - Correct Ans-Weight loss, wasting of body fat and muscle tissue, weakness, anorexia, and anemia, fatigue, sleep disturbances When would surgery be appropriate in the treatment of cancer? - Correct Ans-if it is a solid tumor and has clear margins Most chemotherapeutic drugs cause pancytopenia due to bone marrow suppression. What are the 3 possible adverse outcomes of this? - Correct Ans-loss of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets, anemia, and hemolysis Cell proliferation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types. - Correct Ans-false Cell differentiation is the process in which proliferating cells become more specialized cell types. Correct! - Correct Ans-True What are two important properties that stem cells possess? - Correct Ans-Potency and self-renewal Which of the following are most likely to have arisen from an adult stem cell? - Correct Ans-Epithelial Define polyp. Are they benign or malignant? - Correct Ans-A polyp is a growth that projects from a mucosal surface, such as the intestine. A polyp can be benign or malignant What are normal genes called that become cancer-causing if mutated? - Correct Ans protooncogenes What type of gene is involved in repairing damaged DNA? - Correct Ans-Tumor suppressor gene A 40-year-old woman has experienced heavy menstrual bleeding. She was told she has a uterine tumor called a leiomyoma. She is worried she has cancer. What do you tell her? Explain at least 2 differences between a benign and malignant tumor - Correct Ans-i would explain to her that it is a benign tumor, and that there is nothing to worry about 1 benign tumors grow by expansion and are usually encapsulated; while malignant tumors grow by invading and taking over tissue 2: benign tissue is well differentiated and looks like the tissue of origin, while malignant cells are undifferentiated and are atypical and do not look like the tissues of origin. A 50-year-old woman was diagnosed with breast cancer from tissue biopsy following her diagnostic mammography. They are determining if it has spread to the lymph nodes. NURS 231 NURS 231 (1) Explain what the sentinel node is. (2) How will they determine if it has spread to the lymph system? (3) Would a detailed family history of disease be important to obtain? - Correct Ans-The sentinel node is the first lymph node to which the primary tumor drains. The extent of disease may be determined through lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy. A radioactive tracer and/or blue dye is injected into the tumor to determine the first lymph node. This lymph node is examined for the presence of cancer cells. Yes, heredity can be a strong risk factor for cancer in some families. Malignant tumors have which of the following characteristics? Select all that apply - Correct Ans-Variable rate of growth & Spreads by metastasis What are molecular and cellular mechanisms in genes that increase susceptibility to cancer? Select all that apply. - Correct Ans-1:Lack of cellular senescence 2:Angiogenesis 3:Mutations in growth factor signaling pathways List 4 of the 7 risk factors linked to cancer as stated in the module. - Correct Ans hereditary, obesity, environmental agents, immunological mechanisms 1. ______ is a systemic treatment that enables drugs to reach the site of the tumor as well as other distant sites. - Correct Ans-chemotherapy The profound weight loss and wasting of fat and tissue that accompany cancer is known as _______. - Correct Ans-wasting or Cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome Which of the following is not a risk factor for developing cancer? - Correct A