COGS 17 Cumulative Final Exam with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
Ipsilateral/Contralateral - Answer Connecting to the SAME side vs connecting to the
OPPOSITE side
Lateral/Medial - Answer Towards the side’s vs toward the middle
Ventral/Dorsal - Answer Toward the stomach or the bottom of the human head vs towards
the back or top of the head
Superior/Inferior - Answer A structure above another vs one below another
Coronal/Saggital/Horizontal - Answer Planes through head as seen from the front vs the side
vs above/below
CNS/PNS - Answer ...
Diencephalon - Answer Division of Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, and eye
Telencephalon - Answer Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Cerebral
Coretex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, etc
Medulla - Answer Hindbrain structure, controls vital reflexes
Pons - Answer Hindbrain structure, acts as bridge between Hindbrain and higher centers
Cerebellum - Answer Hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided, timed movements
Reticular Formation - Answer Network of cells moving medially through hind- and mid-brain,
involved in arousal
Raphe System - Answer Core strip of cells through hind- and mid-brain, involved in sleep
,Tegmentum - Answer Midbrain structure "floor" involved in motor processes
Tectum - Answer Midbrain structor "roof" involved in sensory processes, includes Superior
(visual) and Inferior (auditory) Colliculi
Hypothalamus - Answer Forebrain structure, oversees 4F's, temp, clock. communicates
with/through endocrine system
Pituitary Gland - Answer Forebrain structure, "Master Gland", stimulated by hypothalamus
Thalamus - Answer Forebrain structure , a principal stop along most sensory, motor, and
arousal pathways.
Limbic System - Answer A set of forebrain structures involved in motivation and emotional
expression
Hippocampus - Answer Part of Limbic, involved in formation of new memories
Amygdala - Answer Part of Limbic, associated especially with anger and fear, also with
recognizing emotion in others
Cingulate Gyrus - Answer Part of limbic, "re-entrant" layer mediating between cortex and
lower systems, especially +/- evaluation
Olfactory Bulb - Answer Part of Limbic, receives smell info from olfactory receptors
Basal Ganglia - Answer Forebrain structure including Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus
Pallidus- involved in organization of movement sequences.
Basal Forebrain - Answer Forebrain structure including Nucleus Accumbens, involved in
arousal of cortex, attention, & reinforcement
Cerebral Cortex - Answer Forebrain structure, outer "bark" of brain, 6-layered, highly
convoluted
Corpus Callosum - Answer Set of axons connecting 2 cerebral hemispheres
,Occipital Lobe - Answer posterior, primary involved in visual processing, invluding V1 (Striate
Cortex)
Temporal Lobe - Answer lateral, primarily involved in auditory processing (A1 & Wernickes)
and higher visual (IT)
Parietal Lobe - Answer posterior to Central Sulcus, primarily involved in somatosensory and
visuo-spatial mapping
Frontal Lobe - Answer anterior to Central Sulcus. including Motor & Premotor Areas, Broca's
area and Mirror Cells, and Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex - Answer Most anterior part of above lobe, involved in self control,
strategy, cultural rules, etc
Spinal Cord - Answer Part of CNS other than brain
Dorsal/Ventral Root - Answer part of spinal cord sensory info enters vs exits
Bell-Magendie Law - Answer "Law" governing above directions of information flow
Grey/White Matter - Answer Area of spinal cord consisting of soma vs myelinated axons
Central Canal - Answer Tube through core of Spinal Cord containing fluid
Ventricles - Answer 4 Hollow chambers (+ aqueducts) in brain that produce fluid that feeds,
cleans and cushions brain
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - Answer Fluid produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord
and in covering surrounding CNS
Meninges - Answer Three-layered (Dura-Mater, Arachnoid Space, Pia Mater) protective
covering that surrounds CNS
Blood Brain Barrier - Answer Semi-Permeable barrior, controls what chemicals enter brain,
closed gaps between capillaries' endothelial cells
Somatic NS - Answer Part of PNS responsible for interaction with environment
, Autonomic NS - Answer Part of PNS responsible for assessing and maintaining the body's
internal environment
Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic NS - Answer part of ANS that produces "fight or flight" vs
"relaxation and replenishment"
Parasympathetic Rebound - Answer extreme compensatory response of one system to
extreme activation of the other- can lead to fainting, ulcers, voodoo death
BRAIN STUDY TECHNIQUES - Answer ...
Golgi, Nissl, Weigert - Answer 3 types of neuronal stains that are injected live, then
examined in brain tissue slices
Lesion method - Answer Creating or exploiting brain damage to determine if that area is
necessary to a certain function
Electrical Stimulation - Answer Methed used to generate "Penfield Map" of somatosensory
cortex in live patients
Spatial resolution - Answer Stains, lesions, and electrical stim all get good:
Brain function - Answer Lesions & Electrical stim also yield onfo on:
Single Cell Recording - Answer Record activity using a micro-electrode probe in an active
subject
EEG/ Electroencephalography - Answer Using an "electrode cap", technique detects
electrical dipoles generated by changing electrical potential
Summation - Answer Above records Summation of changes of thousands of neurons
ERP/ Event Related Potential - Answer time locked average of many EEG to factor out
nonbrain activity
MEG/ Magnetoelectroencephalography - Answer Detection of naturally occuring changes in
magenetic fields created by brain activity (complementary to EEG)
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
Ipsilateral/Contralateral - Answer Connecting to the SAME side vs connecting to the
OPPOSITE side
Lateral/Medial - Answer Towards the side’s vs toward the middle
Ventral/Dorsal - Answer Toward the stomach or the bottom of the human head vs towards
the back or top of the head
Superior/Inferior - Answer A structure above another vs one below another
Coronal/Saggital/Horizontal - Answer Planes through head as seen from the front vs the side
vs above/below
CNS/PNS - Answer ...
Diencephalon - Answer Division of Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Thalamus,
Hypothalamus, and eye
Telencephalon - Answer Division of the Forebrain that ultimately becomes the Cerebral
Coretex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, etc
Medulla - Answer Hindbrain structure, controls vital reflexes
Pons - Answer Hindbrain structure, acts as bridge between Hindbrain and higher centers
Cerebellum - Answer Hindbrain structure, involved primarily with guided, timed movements
Reticular Formation - Answer Network of cells moving medially through hind- and mid-brain,
involved in arousal
Raphe System - Answer Core strip of cells through hind- and mid-brain, involved in sleep
,Tegmentum - Answer Midbrain structure "floor" involved in motor processes
Tectum - Answer Midbrain structor "roof" involved in sensory processes, includes Superior
(visual) and Inferior (auditory) Colliculi
Hypothalamus - Answer Forebrain structure, oversees 4F's, temp, clock. communicates
with/through endocrine system
Pituitary Gland - Answer Forebrain structure, "Master Gland", stimulated by hypothalamus
Thalamus - Answer Forebrain structure , a principal stop along most sensory, motor, and
arousal pathways.
Limbic System - Answer A set of forebrain structures involved in motivation and emotional
expression
Hippocampus - Answer Part of Limbic, involved in formation of new memories
Amygdala - Answer Part of Limbic, associated especially with anger and fear, also with
recognizing emotion in others
Cingulate Gyrus - Answer Part of limbic, "re-entrant" layer mediating between cortex and
lower systems, especially +/- evaluation
Olfactory Bulb - Answer Part of Limbic, receives smell info from olfactory receptors
Basal Ganglia - Answer Forebrain structure including Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus
Pallidus- involved in organization of movement sequences.
Basal Forebrain - Answer Forebrain structure including Nucleus Accumbens, involved in
arousal of cortex, attention, & reinforcement
Cerebral Cortex - Answer Forebrain structure, outer "bark" of brain, 6-layered, highly
convoluted
Corpus Callosum - Answer Set of axons connecting 2 cerebral hemispheres
,Occipital Lobe - Answer posterior, primary involved in visual processing, invluding V1 (Striate
Cortex)
Temporal Lobe - Answer lateral, primarily involved in auditory processing (A1 & Wernickes)
and higher visual (IT)
Parietal Lobe - Answer posterior to Central Sulcus, primarily involved in somatosensory and
visuo-spatial mapping
Frontal Lobe - Answer anterior to Central Sulcus. including Motor & Premotor Areas, Broca's
area and Mirror Cells, and Prefrontal Cortex
Prefrontal Cortex - Answer Most anterior part of above lobe, involved in self control,
strategy, cultural rules, etc
Spinal Cord - Answer Part of CNS other than brain
Dorsal/Ventral Root - Answer part of spinal cord sensory info enters vs exits
Bell-Magendie Law - Answer "Law" governing above directions of information flow
Grey/White Matter - Answer Area of spinal cord consisting of soma vs myelinated axons
Central Canal - Answer Tube through core of Spinal Cord containing fluid
Ventricles - Answer 4 Hollow chambers (+ aqueducts) in brain that produce fluid that feeds,
cleans and cushions brain
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) - Answer Fluid produced by ventricles, found within Spinal Cord
and in covering surrounding CNS
Meninges - Answer Three-layered (Dura-Mater, Arachnoid Space, Pia Mater) protective
covering that surrounds CNS
Blood Brain Barrier - Answer Semi-Permeable barrior, controls what chemicals enter brain,
closed gaps between capillaries' endothelial cells
Somatic NS - Answer Part of PNS responsible for interaction with environment
, Autonomic NS - Answer Part of PNS responsible for assessing and maintaining the body's
internal environment
Sympathetic/ Parasympathetic NS - Answer part of ANS that produces "fight or flight" vs
"relaxation and replenishment"
Parasympathetic Rebound - Answer extreme compensatory response of one system to
extreme activation of the other- can lead to fainting, ulcers, voodoo death
BRAIN STUDY TECHNIQUES - Answer ...
Golgi, Nissl, Weigert - Answer 3 types of neuronal stains that are injected live, then
examined in brain tissue slices
Lesion method - Answer Creating or exploiting brain damage to determine if that area is
necessary to a certain function
Electrical Stimulation - Answer Methed used to generate "Penfield Map" of somatosensory
cortex in live patients
Spatial resolution - Answer Stains, lesions, and electrical stim all get good:
Brain function - Answer Lesions & Electrical stim also yield onfo on:
Single Cell Recording - Answer Record activity using a micro-electrode probe in an active
subject
EEG/ Electroencephalography - Answer Using an "electrode cap", technique detects
electrical dipoles generated by changing electrical potential
Summation - Answer Above records Summation of changes of thousands of neurons
ERP/ Event Related Potential - Answer time locked average of many EEG to factor out
nonbrain activity
MEG/ Magnetoelectroencephalography - Answer Detection of naturally occuring changes in
magenetic fields created by brain activity (complementary to EEG)
