CLAB 450 - UNIT 3 EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2026
150,000-400,000 - Answers Normal platelet level
Thrombocytopenia - Answers Decrease to platelet levels less than 100,000 is what?
Megakaryocytes - Answers Platelets are formed from what?
Antibodies to platelets - Answers What is the major feature of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
(ITP)?
Malignant myeoblasts - Answers Acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by clonal preliferation of
what?
Leukocyte precursors - Answers Malignant myeloblasts are immature what?
Plasma - Answers Multiple myeloma is a malignant disease of which cells?
Neoplastic - Answers Clonal expansion of the descendants of the malignant cells of multiple myeloma
leads to the overgrowth of which cells in bone marrow?
The beta chain of hemoglobin - Answers Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic deficit in the
synthesis of what?
Abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) - Answers In sickle cell anemia, what forms instead of normal
hemoglobin A (HbA)?
An X-linked congenital clotting factor deficiency - Answers Hemophilia is what?
Factor VIII - Answers Hemophilia A is the deficiency of what?
Factor IX - Answers Hemphilia B is the deficiency of what?
An increased number of RBCs - Answers Polycythemia is characterized by what?
Erythrocytosis - Answers Polycythemia is also called what?
Agranulocytosis - Answers Neutropenia is also known as what?
Low numbers of neutrophils - Answers Neutropenia is marked by what?
Immature lymphoid cells (blasts) - Answers Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is characterized by massive
infiltration of bone marrow with what?
T and B lymphocytes - Answers Blast cells corresponds to precursors of what?
Malignant lymphoid cells - Answers With acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the peripheral blood contains
an increased number of what?
II
VII
IX
X - Answers Without Vitamin K, the liver cannot synthesize which 4 factors?
Bacteria in the intestines - Answers Vitamin k is a fat-soluble vitamin produced by what?
t(8, 14) - Answers Translocation associated with Burkitt's lymphoma
t(9, 22) - Answers Translocation associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (Philadelphia
chromosome)
Oral saprophytic bacteria - Answers Dental caries is a multifactorial disease mediated by what?
-Bacteria forms plaque that erodes the enamel
-Defect extends into dentin
-Dentin becomes decalcified and disintegrates
-Bacteria penetrates and invades pulp chamber - Answers Explain how a caries is formed
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) insufficiency - Answers What causes achalasia?
Spasm of LES and dilation of esophagus proximal to the site of the spasm - Answers Achalasia is
marked by what?
Dysphagia - Answers Achalasia results in what?
Difficulty swallowing - Answers What is dysphagia?
Gastritis - Answers Mucosal erosions and ulceration of the stomach that develops under a variety of
circumstances
Helicobacter pylori - Answers Best-known cause of chronic infectious gastritis
Circulatory disturbances and exogenous irritants - Answers Which two categories cause acute
gastritis?
Extensive burns - Answers Curling ulcers are related to what?
Cushing ulcers - Answers Large stress ulcers
Aspirin and NSAIDs - Answers Two most important exogenous irritants that cause gastritis
Inflammation of the esophagus - Answers What is esophagitis?
1. Infection
, 2. GERD
3. Exogenous irritants, chemicals, drugs - Answers 3 causes of esophagitis
Nasogastric tube - Answers Esophagitis can also be caused mechanically by what?
Chronic/multifactorial/infectious (h pylori) - Answers A peptic ulcer is classified as what type of
disease?
In any part of the GI tract exposed to peptic juice - Answers A peptic ulcer can occur where?
Genetic - Answers Hirschsprung's disease is classified as what type of disease?
Intramural ganglion cells - Answers Which cells do not develop in Hirschsprung's?
Prevents passage of feces and cause megacolon - Answers In Hirschsprung's the permanent spasm
prevents what which then causes what?
Terminal ileum and colon - Answers Crohn disease is chronic inflammation of the GI tract that most
often involves which two portions?
Cobblestone - Answers The mucosa of Crohn disease has a what appearance?
Starts in initial rectal lesions and moves proximally , involving entire colon, does not extend into ileum
- Answers How does the location for ulcerative colitis differ from Crohn?
Crohn-segmental
Ulcerative colitis-diffuse - Answers Between Crohn and ulcerative colitis, which is segmental and
which is diffuse?
Sandpapered and prone to bleeding - Answers How is the mucosa in ulcerative colitis described?
Left - Answers Ulcerative colitis predominantly affects which side of the colon?
Right and the ileum - Answers Crohn disease predominantly affects which side of the colon?
Crohn--Transmural
Ulcerative colitis--Mucosa - Answers Between Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, which is limited to the
mucosa and which is transmural?
Granulomas - Answers What are diagnostic of Crohn disease?
Bleed more - Answers The broad ulcers of ulcerative colitis tend to do what?
Ulcerative colitis - Answers Which patient will have megacolon, Crohn or ulcerative colitis?
Thinner walls of the colon - Answers Why do ulcerative colitis patients get megacolon?
Genetic - Answers What category disease is ulcerative colitis?
Genetic - Answers What category disease is diverticulosis?
15-25 - Answers What is the peak age for both Crohn and Ulcerative colitis?
Ulcerative colitis - Answers Which has a higher risk for cancer, Crohn or Ulcerative colitis?
Glutamic acid by valine - Answers In sickle cell anemia, substitution of what at the site results in the
synthesis of the abnormal beta chain?
Reduces the RATE of globin chain synthesis - Answers Thalassemia is a genetic defect in the synthesis
of HbA that what?
No abnormal hemoglobin is produced - Answers What is the main difference in thalassemia vs sickle
cell?
The beta chain of globin - Answers B-thalassemia refers to reduced synthesis of what?
The alpha chain of globin - Answers a-thalassemia refers to reduced synthesis of what?
Myeloid stem cells - Answers Aplastic anemia is a disorder of which cells?
Intrinsic and extrinsic - Answers Two forms of aplastic anemia
1. Infection s/t leukopenia
2. Bleeding s/t thrombocytopenia - Answers What are two of the first symptoms of aplastic anemia
and what are they a result of?
Bone marrow transplant - Answers Only known treatment for aplastic anemia for patients with no
apparent secondary cause
4-5 weeks - Answers General symptoms of anemia during aplastic anemia ensue after how long?
Children younger than 5 - Answers What is the peak incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Older people - Answers Acute myeloid leukemia is more common in who?
Rare in adolescence, affects adults and incidence increases with age - Answers Chronic myeloid
leukemia age of onset
Unknown for < 40; but rises thereafter - Answers Chronic lymphocytic leukemia age of onset
1. Recurrent infections
2. Gen weakness
3. Bleeding into skin and major organs
4. Enlarged lymph nodes
150,000-400,000 - Answers Normal platelet level
Thrombocytopenia - Answers Decrease to platelet levels less than 100,000 is what?
Megakaryocytes - Answers Platelets are formed from what?
Antibodies to platelets - Answers What is the major feature of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
(ITP)?
Malignant myeoblasts - Answers Acute myeloid leukemia is characterized by clonal preliferation of
what?
Leukocyte precursors - Answers Malignant myeloblasts are immature what?
Plasma - Answers Multiple myeloma is a malignant disease of which cells?
Neoplastic - Answers Clonal expansion of the descendants of the malignant cells of multiple myeloma
leads to the overgrowth of which cells in bone marrow?
The beta chain of hemoglobin - Answers Sickle cell anemia is caused by a genetic deficit in the
synthesis of what?
Abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS) - Answers In sickle cell anemia, what forms instead of normal
hemoglobin A (HbA)?
An X-linked congenital clotting factor deficiency - Answers Hemophilia is what?
Factor VIII - Answers Hemophilia A is the deficiency of what?
Factor IX - Answers Hemphilia B is the deficiency of what?
An increased number of RBCs - Answers Polycythemia is characterized by what?
Erythrocytosis - Answers Polycythemia is also called what?
Agranulocytosis - Answers Neutropenia is also known as what?
Low numbers of neutrophils - Answers Neutropenia is marked by what?
Immature lymphoid cells (blasts) - Answers Acute lymphoblastic leukemia is characterized by massive
infiltration of bone marrow with what?
T and B lymphocytes - Answers Blast cells corresponds to precursors of what?
Malignant lymphoid cells - Answers With acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the peripheral blood contains
an increased number of what?
II
VII
IX
X - Answers Without Vitamin K, the liver cannot synthesize which 4 factors?
Bacteria in the intestines - Answers Vitamin k is a fat-soluble vitamin produced by what?
t(8, 14) - Answers Translocation associated with Burkitt's lymphoma
t(9, 22) - Answers Translocation associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia (Philadelphia
chromosome)
Oral saprophytic bacteria - Answers Dental caries is a multifactorial disease mediated by what?
-Bacteria forms plaque that erodes the enamel
-Defect extends into dentin
-Dentin becomes decalcified and disintegrates
-Bacteria penetrates and invades pulp chamber - Answers Explain how a caries is formed
lower esophageal sphincter (LES) insufficiency - Answers What causes achalasia?
Spasm of LES and dilation of esophagus proximal to the site of the spasm - Answers Achalasia is
marked by what?
Dysphagia - Answers Achalasia results in what?
Difficulty swallowing - Answers What is dysphagia?
Gastritis - Answers Mucosal erosions and ulceration of the stomach that develops under a variety of
circumstances
Helicobacter pylori - Answers Best-known cause of chronic infectious gastritis
Circulatory disturbances and exogenous irritants - Answers Which two categories cause acute
gastritis?
Extensive burns - Answers Curling ulcers are related to what?
Cushing ulcers - Answers Large stress ulcers
Aspirin and NSAIDs - Answers Two most important exogenous irritants that cause gastritis
Inflammation of the esophagus - Answers What is esophagitis?
1. Infection
, 2. GERD
3. Exogenous irritants, chemicals, drugs - Answers 3 causes of esophagitis
Nasogastric tube - Answers Esophagitis can also be caused mechanically by what?
Chronic/multifactorial/infectious (h pylori) - Answers A peptic ulcer is classified as what type of
disease?
In any part of the GI tract exposed to peptic juice - Answers A peptic ulcer can occur where?
Genetic - Answers Hirschsprung's disease is classified as what type of disease?
Intramural ganglion cells - Answers Which cells do not develop in Hirschsprung's?
Prevents passage of feces and cause megacolon - Answers In Hirschsprung's the permanent spasm
prevents what which then causes what?
Terminal ileum and colon - Answers Crohn disease is chronic inflammation of the GI tract that most
often involves which two portions?
Cobblestone - Answers The mucosa of Crohn disease has a what appearance?
Starts in initial rectal lesions and moves proximally , involving entire colon, does not extend into ileum
- Answers How does the location for ulcerative colitis differ from Crohn?
Crohn-segmental
Ulcerative colitis-diffuse - Answers Between Crohn and ulcerative colitis, which is segmental and
which is diffuse?
Sandpapered and prone to bleeding - Answers How is the mucosa in ulcerative colitis described?
Left - Answers Ulcerative colitis predominantly affects which side of the colon?
Right and the ileum - Answers Crohn disease predominantly affects which side of the colon?
Crohn--Transmural
Ulcerative colitis--Mucosa - Answers Between Crohn's and ulcerative colitis, which is limited to the
mucosa and which is transmural?
Granulomas - Answers What are diagnostic of Crohn disease?
Bleed more - Answers The broad ulcers of ulcerative colitis tend to do what?
Ulcerative colitis - Answers Which patient will have megacolon, Crohn or ulcerative colitis?
Thinner walls of the colon - Answers Why do ulcerative colitis patients get megacolon?
Genetic - Answers What category disease is ulcerative colitis?
Genetic - Answers What category disease is diverticulosis?
15-25 - Answers What is the peak age for both Crohn and Ulcerative colitis?
Ulcerative colitis - Answers Which has a higher risk for cancer, Crohn or Ulcerative colitis?
Glutamic acid by valine - Answers In sickle cell anemia, substitution of what at the site results in the
synthesis of the abnormal beta chain?
Reduces the RATE of globin chain synthesis - Answers Thalassemia is a genetic defect in the synthesis
of HbA that what?
No abnormal hemoglobin is produced - Answers What is the main difference in thalassemia vs sickle
cell?
The beta chain of globin - Answers B-thalassemia refers to reduced synthesis of what?
The alpha chain of globin - Answers a-thalassemia refers to reduced synthesis of what?
Myeloid stem cells - Answers Aplastic anemia is a disorder of which cells?
Intrinsic and extrinsic - Answers Two forms of aplastic anemia
1. Infection s/t leukopenia
2. Bleeding s/t thrombocytopenia - Answers What are two of the first symptoms of aplastic anemia
and what are they a result of?
Bone marrow transplant - Answers Only known treatment for aplastic anemia for patients with no
apparent secondary cause
4-5 weeks - Answers General symptoms of anemia during aplastic anemia ensue after how long?
Children younger than 5 - Answers What is the peak incidence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Older people - Answers Acute myeloid leukemia is more common in who?
Rare in adolescence, affects adults and incidence increases with age - Answers Chronic myeloid
leukemia age of onset
Unknown for < 40; but rises thereafter - Answers Chronic lymphocytic leukemia age of onset
1. Recurrent infections
2. Gen weakness
3. Bleeding into skin and major organs
4. Enlarged lymph nodes
