, Advanced Pathophysiology FNP
Cells
all have membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material.
prokaryotic cell
cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
Plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Microfilaments
made of proteins
Lysosomes
garbage collectors takes in damaged or worn out cells.
Golgi body
transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
transports materials throughout the cell
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Chromatin
tangled spread out a form of DNA, found inside the nuclear membrane
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
,Proteins
a molecule made up of amino acids. may act as a transport channel.
Histones
are binding proteins that cause supercoiling of DNA into chromosomes. DO NOT affect cellular
division.
Mitochondrion
play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration and energy production.
Desmosome
type of cell junction holds cells together by continuous bands.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
atrophy
decrease in cell size and number. (shrinkage) ex: arm in cast.
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size. (weight lifting)
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells. Increase of cell division. ex: mole, callus)
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
(GERD)
Dysplasia
cells of a different size, shape, and appearance.
Apoptosis
the process of eliminating unwanted cells. natural occurring cause of cell death. (single cells) no
inflammation
Mitosis
, division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
cell injury
hypoxia, physical & chemical agents, infection, nutritional deficiency, genetics.
Ischemia
decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ.
necrosis
premature death of multiple cells. (always has inflammation)
Types of necrosis
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous
Coagulative necrosis
(most common) affect any tissue in the body EXCEPT the brain. results from interruption of
blood flow.
liquefactive necrosis (tissue in brain)
occurs in the brain and results in a pus-filled cyst form. has a very high concentration of
lysosomes.
caseous necrosis (tissue in lung)
see this in TB, aspiration pulmonary embolism. (looks like cheese).
dry gangrene
bacteria invasion/ lack of blood supply. usually occurs in legs. (vascular disease, diabetes)
Sensible fluid loss
can be measured (includes fluid lost from defecation, urination, and wounds)
Insensible fluid loss
Cells
all have membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material.
prokaryotic cell
cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells
Plant and animal cells with a nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure
Microfilaments
made of proteins
Lysosomes
garbage collectors takes in damaged or worn out cells.
Golgi body
transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipids.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
transports materials throughout the cell
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Nucleolus
Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
Chromatin
tangled spread out a form of DNA, found inside the nuclear membrane
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
,Proteins
a molecule made up of amino acids. may act as a transport channel.
Histones
are binding proteins that cause supercoiling of DNA into chromosomes. DO NOT affect cellular
division.
Mitochondrion
play a role in cellular metabolism, cellular respiration and energy production.
Desmosome
type of cell junction holds cells together by continuous bands.
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration.
atrophy
decrease in cell size and number. (shrinkage) ex: arm in cast.
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size. (weight lifting)
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells. Increase of cell division. ex: mole, callus)
Metaplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
(GERD)
Dysplasia
cells of a different size, shape, and appearance.
Apoptosis
the process of eliminating unwanted cells. natural occurring cause of cell death. (single cells) no
inflammation
Mitosis
, division of the nucleus
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
cell injury
hypoxia, physical & chemical agents, infection, nutritional deficiency, genetics.
Ischemia
decreased blood flow to tissue or an organ.
necrosis
premature death of multiple cells. (always has inflammation)
Types of necrosis
Coagulative
Liquefactive
Caseous
Fat
Gangrenous
Coagulative necrosis
(most common) affect any tissue in the body EXCEPT the brain. results from interruption of
blood flow.
liquefactive necrosis (tissue in brain)
occurs in the brain and results in a pus-filled cyst form. has a very high concentration of
lysosomes.
caseous necrosis (tissue in lung)
see this in TB, aspiration pulmonary embolism. (looks like cheese).
dry gangrene
bacteria invasion/ lack of blood supply. usually occurs in legs. (vascular disease, diabetes)
Sensible fluid loss
can be measured (includes fluid lost from defecation, urination, and wounds)
Insensible fluid loss
