PMHNP Board Exam Review
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Culture:
Culture expected response to stressor= meaning/context= cultural
syndrome= brief support therapy = job/house loss.
Brief support therapy: short-term, client centered that focuses on
emotional support, practical problem solving, and coping strategies for
individuals dealing with stress.
Somatic complaints of pain = context
Respect patient culture without judgement, and understand their
meaning of disease.
Cultural formulation interview: clarify meaning of illness or
predicament, contextualize their situation in their local world, and
empower patient.
- Native Americans (ethnic group**) = imbalance between an
individual’s relationship with the world.
EX: healing stick = medicine stick, sacred object used in spiritual
and healing practices. Believe to carry the energy of nature,
helping restore balance between body and soul. Connect the
spiritual world with the physical world.
- Traditional healer/ family members = clearance for informed
consent.
Serving multicultural populations > provide multicultural teaching > use
ethnospecific assessment parameters.
Cultural syndromes: cluster of symptoms and atributions that tend to co-
occur among individuals in a specific population, communitiees, or
contexts.
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- – common
Latinos – folk illness, result
” from a shocking, unpleasant, or
frightening experience that is believe to cause the soul to leave
the body.
➢ S/S: appetite disturbances, inadequate or excessive sleep,
trouble sleeping, dreams, sadness, lack of motivation, and
feeling low self-esteem, dirtiness.
➢ Somatic S/S: muscle aches and pains, headache,
stomachache, and diarrhea
- Puerto Rican syndrome: “Ataque de nervios”
➢ “Attack of nerves”: uncontrollable shouting, attacks of
crying, trembling, heat in the chest rising into the head, and
verbal/ physical aggression.
Latin Americans:
- “Mal de ojo” (evil eye): caused by envious or admiring gaze,
which can bring bad luck, illness, or misfortune, especially in
children.
➢ S/S: fatigue, headache, weight loss, exhaustion, malaise,
restlessness, crying, or colic in babies.
➢ Tx: egg cleansing rituals “limpia de huevo” passed over the
body and then cracked in water to absorb bad energy.
- Empacho (blocked intestine): illness believed to be caused by
undigested food stuck in the stomach/intestines leading to digestive
discomfort. (common in Mexicans)
➢ Caused by eating too much or too quickly
➢ S/S: bloated, nausea, vomiting, loss appetite, stomach pain
➢ TX: stomach massage, egg pass or spinal adjustment (pulling
of the spine skin to help realign body).
- “Mollera caida” (sunken fontanel in a baby): babies soft spot
(fontanelle) on the head sinks abnormally due to improper
handling of the baby. Ex: sudden pulling o bouncing (lifting the
baby too quickly).
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- “Wind- cold” illness: Chinese medicine (TCM) patterns of
symptoms associated with an invasion of body by external
pathogenic factors particularly wind and cold.
➢ Disrupt the bodys balance and flow of Qi (vital energy) and
blood leading to various health problems.
➢ S/S: chills, aversion of cold, body aches, nasal congestion,
headache, and possibly a mild fever
➢ “Wind- heat” illness similar with similar symptoms but is
characterized by fever, and more pronounced heat signs such
as sweating and thirst.
Mental Health Assessment/ Exam:
- Thought process : assess organization of the pt’s thoughts and
ideas
➢ Normal: logical, linear, coherent and goal oriented
➢ Abnormal: associations are not clear, organized or coherent.
• Tangentiality = move from thought to thought
that may or may not relate in some way but never
get to the point
• Circumstantiality= provide unnecessary detail
but eventually get to the point.
- Thought content: themes that occupy the pt’s thoughts and
perceptual disturbances.
➢ EX: suicidal ideations, homicidal ideations, (SI or HI
plan), visual hallucinations, auditory hallucinations and
delusions.
- patient
Insight:awareness and understanding of their own thoughts,
feelings, behaviors and presence of any mental health
symptoms or conditions.
Assessment: insight is explored by assessing the pt’s awareness of
mental disorder, ability to recognize symptoms, acknowledge the
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