MCAT MILESDOWN BIOLOGY | HIGH-YIELD
BIOLOGY REVIEW
nucleoid region - answer ✔✔-DNA region in prokaryotes
nucleolus - answer ✔✔--makes ribosomes
-sits in nucleus, no membrane
peroxisomes - answer ✔✔-collect and break down material
rough ER - answer ✔✔-accept mRNA to make proteins
smooth ER - answer ✔✔-detox and make lipids
golgi apparatus - answer ✔✔-modifies and distributes proteins
-only found in eukaryotes
-vesicular transport (COPII -> forward, COPI <- return)
-cisternal maturation (vesicles travel in retrograde, new cis made, Cis/Medial/Trans/Exit)
centrioles - answer ✔✔-9 groups of microtubules pull chromosomes apart
lysosomes - answer ✔✔-demo and recycling center
-made by golgi
,-single membrane
plasmids - answer ✔✔--in prokaryotes
-carry DNA not necessary to survival
bacterial shapes - answer ✔✔-bacillus (rod), coccus (sphere), spirillus (spiral)
obligate aerobe - answer ✔✔-requires O2
obligate anaerobe - answer ✔✔-dies in O2
facultative anaerobe - answer ✔✔-toggle between aerobic/anaerobic
aerotolerant anaerobe - answer ✔✔-does not use O2 but tolerates it
gram + - answer ✔✔-purple, thick peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall
gram - - answer ✔✔-pink or red, thin peptidoglycan cell wall and outer membrane
eukaryotes - answer ✔✔--electron transport chain in mitochondria
-large ribosomes
-reproduce via mitosis
prokaryotes - answer ✔✔--electron transport chain in cell membrane
-small ribosomes
-reproduce via binary fission
-plasmids carry DNA material, may have virulence factors
-plasmids that integrate into genome are episomes
,prions - answer ✔✔--infectious proteins
-trigger misfolding (makes it go from alpha helical to beta pleated sheets)
-lowers solubility
viroid - answer ✔✔-plant pathogen
microfilaments - answer ✔✔-actin
microtubules - answer ✔✔-tubulin
intermediate filaments - answer ✔✔--keratin= vimentin
-desmin = lamin
types of epithelia - answer ✔✔--simple
-stratified
-pseudostratified
-cuboidal
-columnar
-squamous
simple - answer ✔✔-one layer of cells
stratified - answer ✔✔-multiple layers of cells
pseudostratified - answer ✔✔-one layer but it appears as multiple
cuboidal - answer ✔✔-cube shaped cells
, columnar - answer ✔✔-long and narrow shaped cells
squamous - answer ✔✔-flat, scale like cells
connective tissue - answer ✔✔--stroma (support extracellular matrix)
-bone
-cartilage
-tendon
-blood
types of genetic recombination - answer ✔✔-transformation, transduction, conjugation, transposons
transformation - answer ✔✔-gets genetic info from environment
conjugation - answer ✔✔-transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge
-F+ -> F- or Hfr -> recipient
bacteriophage - answer ✔✔-A virus that infects bacteria
-tail sheath injects DNA or RNA
capsid - answer ✔✔-protein coat surrounding a virus
envelope - answer ✔✔-some viruses have lipid envelope
virion - answer ✔✔-individual virus particles
viral genome - answer ✔✔-may be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded
BIOLOGY REVIEW
nucleoid region - answer ✔✔-DNA region in prokaryotes
nucleolus - answer ✔✔--makes ribosomes
-sits in nucleus, no membrane
peroxisomes - answer ✔✔-collect and break down material
rough ER - answer ✔✔-accept mRNA to make proteins
smooth ER - answer ✔✔-detox and make lipids
golgi apparatus - answer ✔✔-modifies and distributes proteins
-only found in eukaryotes
-vesicular transport (COPII -> forward, COPI <- return)
-cisternal maturation (vesicles travel in retrograde, new cis made, Cis/Medial/Trans/Exit)
centrioles - answer ✔✔-9 groups of microtubules pull chromosomes apart
lysosomes - answer ✔✔-demo and recycling center
-made by golgi
,-single membrane
plasmids - answer ✔✔--in prokaryotes
-carry DNA not necessary to survival
bacterial shapes - answer ✔✔-bacillus (rod), coccus (sphere), spirillus (spiral)
obligate aerobe - answer ✔✔-requires O2
obligate anaerobe - answer ✔✔-dies in O2
facultative anaerobe - answer ✔✔-toggle between aerobic/anaerobic
aerotolerant anaerobe - answer ✔✔-does not use O2 but tolerates it
gram + - answer ✔✔-purple, thick peptidoglycan/lipoteichoic acid cell wall
gram - - answer ✔✔-pink or red, thin peptidoglycan cell wall and outer membrane
eukaryotes - answer ✔✔--electron transport chain in mitochondria
-large ribosomes
-reproduce via mitosis
prokaryotes - answer ✔✔--electron transport chain in cell membrane
-small ribosomes
-reproduce via binary fission
-plasmids carry DNA material, may have virulence factors
-plasmids that integrate into genome are episomes
,prions - answer ✔✔--infectious proteins
-trigger misfolding (makes it go from alpha helical to beta pleated sheets)
-lowers solubility
viroid - answer ✔✔-plant pathogen
microfilaments - answer ✔✔-actin
microtubules - answer ✔✔-tubulin
intermediate filaments - answer ✔✔--keratin= vimentin
-desmin = lamin
types of epithelia - answer ✔✔--simple
-stratified
-pseudostratified
-cuboidal
-columnar
-squamous
simple - answer ✔✔-one layer of cells
stratified - answer ✔✔-multiple layers of cells
pseudostratified - answer ✔✔-one layer but it appears as multiple
cuboidal - answer ✔✔-cube shaped cells
, columnar - answer ✔✔-long and narrow shaped cells
squamous - answer ✔✔-flat, scale like cells
connective tissue - answer ✔✔--stroma (support extracellular matrix)
-bone
-cartilage
-tendon
-blood
types of genetic recombination - answer ✔✔-transformation, transduction, conjugation, transposons
transformation - answer ✔✔-gets genetic info from environment
conjugation - answer ✔✔-transfer of genetic info via conjugation bridge
-F+ -> F- or Hfr -> recipient
bacteriophage - answer ✔✔-A virus that infects bacteria
-tail sheath injects DNA or RNA
capsid - answer ✔✔-protein coat surrounding a virus
envelope - answer ✔✔-some viruses have lipid envelope
virion - answer ✔✔-individual virus particles
viral genome - answer ✔✔-may be DNA or RNA, single or double stranded
