NATE Gas Heat Practice Guide Exam –
Complete Questions With Detailed Answer-s
What is the function of the seminal vesicles - answer-accessory gland- empties into the vas deferens
before reaching the urethra- secretes fluids containing fructose, prostaglandins and fibrinogen
What is the function of prostaglandins in semen - answer-causes contractions in both female and male
reproductive tracts
What is the function of fibrinogen in sperm - answer-precursor of fibrin protein forming meshwork so
sperm stays together
What is the function of the prostate gland - answer-produces seminal fluid - alkaline to counteract acid
environment of vagina and fibrinogen so sperm stays together
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands - answer-secretes fluid to lubricate the urethra
Explain the process of oogenesis - answer-1. mitosis: at beginning of fetal life- primordial germ cells in
ovaries undergo mitotic division (6-7 million) primary oocytes
- as oocytes are surrounded by supporting cells they are called primary follicles
2. maturation: birth to puberty- primordial follicles develop into primary follicles (undergo atresia)
3. growth/ meiosis
- puberty to menopause- small fraction of primary follicles (diploi) develop into secondary follciles
(haploid) on a cyclic basis
,- primary oocyte becomes 2 secondary oocyte- but only one will get big and form and take cytoplasm
from the other
4. if fertilized: secondary oocyte undergoes second meitoic divison in which haploid oocyte becomes
second polar body (haploid)- this combines with sperm
Explain the follicular phase - answer-- growth and development of egg
1. the granulosa cell in the primary oocyte proliferates and forms multiple layers- secretes glycoproteis
which form thick extracellular matric aorund oocyte separating it from the granulosa cell membrane/
zona pellucidia
2. as it continues to grow it becomes the secondary follicle which can then secrete estrogens
3. the fluid cavity of the follicle is known as the antrum is formed within the granulosa cells- expansion
of the antrum causes follicle to grow
4. each cycle- one of the follicular cells grows faster than the others and becomes a mature follicle- all of
the other secondary follicles will convert into the corpus luteum to support mature follicle by releasing
supportive hormones
Explain the luteal phase - answer-occurs once ovum is released
- remaining follicular cells are lutenized to become corpus luteum which releases estrogen and
progesterone
- if not fertilized after 14 days- it will degenerate to become a corpus albicans ending the luteal phase
When does the LH surge occur - answer-during ovulation (release of egg into ampulla)- to turn
remaining secondary follicular cells into corpus luteum
What is the myometrium - answer-outer layer of uterus composed of smooth muscle
, What is the endometrium - answer-inner highly vascularized layer of the uterus
What is endometriosis - answer-endometrial tissue outside of uterus- it can bleed and shed causing
problems in body as waste is not disposed of
Explain the menstrual phase - answer-if no fertilization occurs- decreased estrogen levels released
protaglandins which stop blood supply to the endometrium causing the myometrium to contract
rhythmically and endometrial layer sheds
Explain the proliferative phase - answer-- after menstration- during follicular phase- endometrium starts
to grow again
Explain the secretory phase - answer-- during the ovarian cycle- the endometrium thickens a lot as
estrogen/ progesterone released from the corpus luteum helps growth
What is the anatomical outcome that causes an errection - answer-the penile tissue fills with blood
(specifically the corpora cavernosa) as the arterioles in these tissues dialate through reducing
sympathetic control
What are the two main stages of ejaculation - answer-1. emission
2. expulsion
Explain the emission phase of ejaculation - answer--increased sympathetic activity causes smooth
muscle contraction of the prostate, reproductive glans and seminal vesicles
- blocks the sphincter of the neck of the bladder which contracts to prevent urine release
Explain the expulsion phase of ejaculation - answer-- urethra fills with semen triggering activation of
skeletal muscles at the base of the penis
- increased pressure forces sperm out
What is the four phases of the male sexual response cycle - answer-1. excitement phase
Complete Questions With Detailed Answer-s
What is the function of the seminal vesicles - answer-accessory gland- empties into the vas deferens
before reaching the urethra- secretes fluids containing fructose, prostaglandins and fibrinogen
What is the function of prostaglandins in semen - answer-causes contractions in both female and male
reproductive tracts
What is the function of fibrinogen in sperm - answer-precursor of fibrin protein forming meshwork so
sperm stays together
What is the function of the prostate gland - answer-produces seminal fluid - alkaline to counteract acid
environment of vagina and fibrinogen so sperm stays together
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands - answer-secretes fluid to lubricate the urethra
Explain the process of oogenesis - answer-1. mitosis: at beginning of fetal life- primordial germ cells in
ovaries undergo mitotic division (6-7 million) primary oocytes
- as oocytes are surrounded by supporting cells they are called primary follicles
2. maturation: birth to puberty- primordial follicles develop into primary follicles (undergo atresia)
3. growth/ meiosis
- puberty to menopause- small fraction of primary follicles (diploi) develop into secondary follciles
(haploid) on a cyclic basis
,- primary oocyte becomes 2 secondary oocyte- but only one will get big and form and take cytoplasm
from the other
4. if fertilized: secondary oocyte undergoes second meitoic divison in which haploid oocyte becomes
second polar body (haploid)- this combines with sperm
Explain the follicular phase - answer-- growth and development of egg
1. the granulosa cell in the primary oocyte proliferates and forms multiple layers- secretes glycoproteis
which form thick extracellular matric aorund oocyte separating it from the granulosa cell membrane/
zona pellucidia
2. as it continues to grow it becomes the secondary follicle which can then secrete estrogens
3. the fluid cavity of the follicle is known as the antrum is formed within the granulosa cells- expansion
of the antrum causes follicle to grow
4. each cycle- one of the follicular cells grows faster than the others and becomes a mature follicle- all of
the other secondary follicles will convert into the corpus luteum to support mature follicle by releasing
supportive hormones
Explain the luteal phase - answer-occurs once ovum is released
- remaining follicular cells are lutenized to become corpus luteum which releases estrogen and
progesterone
- if not fertilized after 14 days- it will degenerate to become a corpus albicans ending the luteal phase
When does the LH surge occur - answer-during ovulation (release of egg into ampulla)- to turn
remaining secondary follicular cells into corpus luteum
What is the myometrium - answer-outer layer of uterus composed of smooth muscle
, What is the endometrium - answer-inner highly vascularized layer of the uterus
What is endometriosis - answer-endometrial tissue outside of uterus- it can bleed and shed causing
problems in body as waste is not disposed of
Explain the menstrual phase - answer-if no fertilization occurs- decreased estrogen levels released
protaglandins which stop blood supply to the endometrium causing the myometrium to contract
rhythmically and endometrial layer sheds
Explain the proliferative phase - answer-- after menstration- during follicular phase- endometrium starts
to grow again
Explain the secretory phase - answer-- during the ovarian cycle- the endometrium thickens a lot as
estrogen/ progesterone released from the corpus luteum helps growth
What is the anatomical outcome that causes an errection - answer-the penile tissue fills with blood
(specifically the corpora cavernosa) as the arterioles in these tissues dialate through reducing
sympathetic control
What are the two main stages of ejaculation - answer-1. emission
2. expulsion
Explain the emission phase of ejaculation - answer--increased sympathetic activity causes smooth
muscle contraction of the prostate, reproductive glans and seminal vesicles
- blocks the sphincter of the neck of the bladder which contracts to prevent urine release
Explain the expulsion phase of ejaculation - answer-- urethra fills with semen triggering activation of
skeletal muscles at the base of the penis
- increased pressure forces sperm out
What is the four phases of the male sexual response cycle - answer-1. excitement phase
