Biology 189 Exam 2 | Latest Study | Questions &
Answers | 2026 Study Updates | 100% Correct
Explain how catabolism and anabolism are linked. How is ATP involved in these processes? How
do endergonic and exergonic reactions relate to catabolism & anabolism? - ANSWER-
Catabolism: is an exergonic reaction because it releases energy (ATP).
-breakdown of fuel.
Anabolism: is an endergonic reaction because it requires energy (breaks ATP by hydrolysis=ADP
which is used to build.
-build macromolecules.
How is synthesis of ATP and hydrolysis (breaking) of ATP related to the 1st and 2nd laws of
thermodynamics? - ANSWER- The synthesis of ATP is related to the 1st law of
thermodynamics because it involves the transfer of electrons, you can't create or destroy
energy only transform.
The hydrolysis of ATP is related to the 2nd law of thermodynamics because it involves the
concept of entropy. You are breaking glucose into smaller molecules, releasing energy and
resulting in increased entropy.
How could you represent respiration on a graph?* Where do you position the reactants relative
to the products? What is the formula for respiration (inputs and outputs)? - ANSWER- -On
a graph the products are low compared to the reactants (downhill).
glucose+oxygen---> carbon dioxide+water+ATP
(C6H12O6 + 6O2---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP) -aerobic respiration.
How are oxidation & reduction reactions related to the process of cellular respiration? -
ANSWER- The pathways of aerobic respiration oxidize (remove electrons from) glucose
and reduce (add electrons to) O2.
Why does cellular respiration only have a 37% energy efficiency? - ANSWER- 37% of the
energy stored in the bonds of a glucose molecule is stored as ATP. The rest goes to waste as
heat.
,We discussed four stages of respiration: what are the four stages? What is the proper order of
the four stages? Where does each stage take place within a cell? Which stage(s) require O2?
Which stage is oxygen-independent? - ANSWER- In order:
1. glycolysis: takes place in the cytosol,
-Oxygen independent
2. transition step: takes place in the cytosol (prokaryotic) and mitochondrion matrix
(eukaryotic).
-Requires O2.
3. krebs cycle: takes place in the cytosol (prokaryotic) and mitochondrion matrix (eukaryotic).
-Requires O2.
4. electron transport chain: takes places in the cell membrane (prokaryotic) and the
mitochondrion inner membrane-cristae (eukaryotic).
-Requires O2.
Walk me through glycolysis. Where does it take place in the cell? What are the inputs? What are
the outputs? Where do these outputs go relative to the rest of the stages of cellular respiration
(what is their role?)? What is the difference between total number of molecules synthesized
and net gain?* - ANSWER- A six-carbon glucose molecule splits into two three-carbon
molecules of pyruvate. First, some of the electrons from glucose are transferred to an electron
carrier molecule called NADH. Second, glycolysis generates two molecules of ATP.
-input: 1 glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP+2P
-output: 2 three-carbon, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
-The 2 NADH and 2 ATP go the electron transport chain.
-There is a net gain of 2 ATP
-Occurs in the cytosol in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Walk me through pyruvate oxidation. Where does it take place in the cell? What are the inputs?
What are the outputs? Where do these outputs go relative to the rest of the stages of cellular
respiration? Why can one of these outputs potentially be used in the Calvin cycle of
photosynthesis (what stage of photosynthesis?)? Why must the cell perform pyruvate oxidation
twice every time one glucose is processed in glycolysis? - ANSWER- -occurs in the
mitochondrial matrix. After glycolysis.
, -input: two 3-carbons and two NAD+
output: two 2 acetyl~CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH
-NADH goes to the ETC and CO2 is released.
-A molecule of CO2 is removed and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The remaining two-carbon
molecule, called an acetyl group, is transferred to a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl
coenzyme A (abbreviated acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is the compound that enters the Krebs cycle
and the 2 NADH and 2 ATP go to the electron transport chain.
-CO2 can potentially be used in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis stage 1 because it contains
carbon.
-The cell must perform pyruvate oxidation twice because the product of glycolysis is 2 pyruvic
acid molecules, they go in one at a time.
Walk me through the Citric Acid Cycle (aka CAC or Krebs cycle). Where does it take place in the
cell? What are the inputs? What are the outputs? Where do these outputs go relative to the
rest of the stages of cellular respiration? Why can one type of these outputs potentially be used
in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis (what stage of photosynthesis?)?* Why must the cell
perform the citric acid cycle twice every time one glucose is processed in glycolysis?* -
ANSWER- -Occurs in the cytosol for prokaryotic and mitochondrion matrix for eukaryotic.
-Inputs: 2-acetyl~CoA, 2 ADP + 2 P, 6 NAD+, and 2 FAD.
Outputs: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
-4 CO2 is a waste product but the rest (6 NADH, 2 FADH2) go to the electron transport chain.
-CO2 can be used in the first stage of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis because it contains
carbon.
-The Krebs cycle must perform cycle twice because there are 2 acetyl-CoA that come out of
pyruvate oxidation, they go in the Krebs cycle one at a time.
Walk me through the electron transport chain (ETC). Where does it take place in the cell? What
are the inputs? What are the outputs?* Can you draw the series of molecules needed in the
ETC? The placement is important; do you know the order of these components? Be sure to
label: Enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV H2O, ADP, P, ATP, NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2, H+, mobile
protein I, mobile protein II, ATP synthase, O2, e- (electrons). What is the source of electrons to
keep the ETC going? The "stripping" or oxidizing of these molecules leads to the formation of
what? What component is responsible for stripping this molecule of its electrons to keep the
ETC going? What does this component do with the electrons? Why does this component need
Answers | 2026 Study Updates | 100% Correct
Explain how catabolism and anabolism are linked. How is ATP involved in these processes? How
do endergonic and exergonic reactions relate to catabolism & anabolism? - ANSWER-
Catabolism: is an exergonic reaction because it releases energy (ATP).
-breakdown of fuel.
Anabolism: is an endergonic reaction because it requires energy (breaks ATP by hydrolysis=ADP
which is used to build.
-build macromolecules.
How is synthesis of ATP and hydrolysis (breaking) of ATP related to the 1st and 2nd laws of
thermodynamics? - ANSWER- The synthesis of ATP is related to the 1st law of
thermodynamics because it involves the transfer of electrons, you can't create or destroy
energy only transform.
The hydrolysis of ATP is related to the 2nd law of thermodynamics because it involves the
concept of entropy. You are breaking glucose into smaller molecules, releasing energy and
resulting in increased entropy.
How could you represent respiration on a graph?* Where do you position the reactants relative
to the products? What is the formula for respiration (inputs and outputs)? - ANSWER- -On
a graph the products are low compared to the reactants (downhill).
glucose+oxygen---> carbon dioxide+water+ATP
(C6H12O6 + 6O2---> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP) -aerobic respiration.
How are oxidation & reduction reactions related to the process of cellular respiration? -
ANSWER- The pathways of aerobic respiration oxidize (remove electrons from) glucose
and reduce (add electrons to) O2.
Why does cellular respiration only have a 37% energy efficiency? - ANSWER- 37% of the
energy stored in the bonds of a glucose molecule is stored as ATP. The rest goes to waste as
heat.
,We discussed four stages of respiration: what are the four stages? What is the proper order of
the four stages? Where does each stage take place within a cell? Which stage(s) require O2?
Which stage is oxygen-independent? - ANSWER- In order:
1. glycolysis: takes place in the cytosol,
-Oxygen independent
2. transition step: takes place in the cytosol (prokaryotic) and mitochondrion matrix
(eukaryotic).
-Requires O2.
3. krebs cycle: takes place in the cytosol (prokaryotic) and mitochondrion matrix (eukaryotic).
-Requires O2.
4. electron transport chain: takes places in the cell membrane (prokaryotic) and the
mitochondrion inner membrane-cristae (eukaryotic).
-Requires O2.
Walk me through glycolysis. Where does it take place in the cell? What are the inputs? What are
the outputs? Where do these outputs go relative to the rest of the stages of cellular respiration
(what is their role?)? What is the difference between total number of molecules synthesized
and net gain?* - ANSWER- A six-carbon glucose molecule splits into two three-carbon
molecules of pyruvate. First, some of the electrons from glucose are transferred to an electron
carrier molecule called NADH. Second, glycolysis generates two molecules of ATP.
-input: 1 glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP+2P
-output: 2 three-carbon, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
-The 2 NADH and 2 ATP go the electron transport chain.
-There is a net gain of 2 ATP
-Occurs in the cytosol in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Walk me through pyruvate oxidation. Where does it take place in the cell? What are the inputs?
What are the outputs? Where do these outputs go relative to the rest of the stages of cellular
respiration? Why can one of these outputs potentially be used in the Calvin cycle of
photosynthesis (what stage of photosynthesis?)? Why must the cell perform pyruvate oxidation
twice every time one glucose is processed in glycolysis? - ANSWER- -occurs in the
mitochondrial matrix. After glycolysis.
, -input: two 3-carbons and two NAD+
output: two 2 acetyl~CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH
-NADH goes to the ETC and CO2 is released.
-A molecule of CO2 is removed and NAD+ is reduced to NADH. The remaining two-carbon
molecule, called an acetyl group, is transferred to a molecule called coenzyme A to form acetyl
coenzyme A (abbreviated acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA is the compound that enters the Krebs cycle
and the 2 NADH and 2 ATP go to the electron transport chain.
-CO2 can potentially be used in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis stage 1 because it contains
carbon.
-The cell must perform pyruvate oxidation twice because the product of glycolysis is 2 pyruvic
acid molecules, they go in one at a time.
Walk me through the Citric Acid Cycle (aka CAC or Krebs cycle). Where does it take place in the
cell? What are the inputs? What are the outputs? Where do these outputs go relative to the
rest of the stages of cellular respiration? Why can one type of these outputs potentially be used
in the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis (what stage of photosynthesis?)?* Why must the cell
perform the citric acid cycle twice every time one glucose is processed in glycolysis?* -
ANSWER- -Occurs in the cytosol for prokaryotic and mitochondrion matrix for eukaryotic.
-Inputs: 2-acetyl~CoA, 2 ADP + 2 P, 6 NAD+, and 2 FAD.
Outputs: 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2.
-4 CO2 is a waste product but the rest (6 NADH, 2 FADH2) go to the electron transport chain.
-CO2 can be used in the first stage of the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis because it contains
carbon.
-The Krebs cycle must perform cycle twice because there are 2 acetyl-CoA that come out of
pyruvate oxidation, they go in the Krebs cycle one at a time.
Walk me through the electron transport chain (ETC). Where does it take place in the cell? What
are the inputs? What are the outputs?* Can you draw the series of molecules needed in the
ETC? The placement is important; do you know the order of these components? Be sure to
label: Enzyme complexes I, II, III, IV H2O, ADP, P, ATP, NAD+, NADH, FAD, FADH2, H+, mobile
protein I, mobile protein II, ATP synthase, O2, e- (electrons). What is the source of electrons to
keep the ETC going? The "stripping" or oxidizing of these molecules leads to the formation of
what? What component is responsible for stripping this molecule of its electrons to keep the
ETC going? What does this component do with the electrons? Why does this component need
